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Visite virtuelle du Château de Versailles
Visite virtuelle du Château de Versailles
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The Science journals are striving to provide the best and most timely research, analysis, and news coverage of COVID-19 and the coronavirus that causes it. All content is free to access.
The moment to see the poor Joachim von Braun, Stefano Zamagni, Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo Editorial | Science Date: 17-Apr-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc2255
An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China Huaiyu Tian, Yonghong Liu, Yidan Li, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Bin Chen, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Bingying Li, Jun Cai, Bo Xu, Qiqi Yang, Ben Wang, Peng Yang, Yujun Cui, Yimeng Song, Pai Zheng, Quanyi Wang, Ottar N. Bjornstad, Ruifu Yang, Bryan T. Grenfell, Oliver G. Pybus, Christopher Dye Report | Science Date: 31-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb6105
This is real H. Holden Thorp Editorial | Science Date: 27-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9223
The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chia-Hung Yang, Bernardo Gutierrez, Chieh-Hsi Wu, Brennan Klein, David M. Pigott, Open COVID-19 Data Working Group, Louis du Plessis, Nuno R. Faria, Ruoran Li, William P. Hanage, John S. Brownstein, Maylis Layan, Alessandro Vespignani, Huaiyu Tian, Christopher Dye, Oliver G. Pybus, Samuel V. Scarpino Research Article | Science Date: 25-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4218
Do us a favor H. Holden Thorp Editorial | Science Date: 11-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb6502
The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak Matteo Chinazzi, Jessica T. Davis, Marco Ajelli, Corrado Gioannini, Maria Litvinova, Stefano Merler, Ana Pastore y Piontti, Kunpeng Mu, Luca Rossi, Kaiyuan Sun, Cécile Viboud, Xinyue Xiong, Hongjie Yu, M. Elizabeth Halloran, Ira M. Longini Jr., Alessandro Vespignani Research Article | Science Date: 6-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9757
Mobile phone data for informing public health actions across the COVID-19 pandemic lifecycle Nuria Oliver, Bruno Lepri, Harald Sterly, Renaud Lambiotte, Sébastien Delataille, Marco De Nadai, Emmanuel Letouzé, Albert Ali Salah, Richard Benjamins, Ciro Cattuto, Vittoria Colizza, Nicolas de Cordes, Samuel P. Fraiberger, Til Koebe, Sune Lehmann, Juan Murillo, Alex Pentland, Phuong N. Pham, Frédéric Pivetta, Jari Saramaki, Samuel V. Scarpino, Michele Tizzoni, Stefaan Vehulst, Patrick Vinck Editorial | Science Advances Date: 27-Apr-2020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0764
Combating COVID-19—The role of robotics in managing public health and infectious diseases Guang-Zhong Yang, Bradley J. Nelson, Robin R. Murphy, Howie Choset, Henrik Christensen, Steven H. Collins, Paolo Dario, Ken Goldberg, Koji Ikuta, Neil Jacobstein, Danica Kragic, Russell H. Taylor, Marcia McNutt Editorial | Science Robotics Date: 25-Mar-2020 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abb5589
An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice Timothy P. Sheahan, Amy C. Sims, Shuntai Zho, Rachel L. Graham, Andrea J. Pruijssers, Maria L. Agostini, Sarah R. Leist, Alexandra Schäfer, Kenneth H. Dinnon III, Laura J. Stevens, James D. Chappell, Xiaotao Lu, Tia M. Hughes, Amelia S. George, Collin S. Hill, Stephanie A. Montgomery, Ariane J. Brown, Gregory R. Bluemling, Michael G. Natchus, Manohar Saindane, Alexander A. Kolykhalov, George Painter, Jennifer Harcourt, Azaibi Tamin, Natalie J. Thornburg, Ronald Swanstrom, Mark R. Denison, Ralph S. Baric Research Article | Science Translational Medicine Date: 6-Apr-2020 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb5883
To support urgent research to combat the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the editorial teams at Nature Research have curated a collection of relevant articles. Our collection includes research into the basic biology of…
SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as the entry receptor. Here, the authors show that an ACE2-Ig fusion protein inhibits entry of virus pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, show differential binding kinetics of SARS-CoV and SARSCoV-2 spike proteins to ACE2, and…
A study of 246 individuals with seasonal respiratory virus infections randomized to wear or not wear a surgical face mask showed that masks can significantly reduce detection of coronavirus and influenza virus in exhaled breath and may help interrupt virus transmission.
Detailed virological analysis of nine cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides proof of active replication of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tissues of the upper respiratory tract.
High-resolution crystal structures of the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in complex with ACE2 provide insights into the binding mode of these coronaviruses and highlight essential ACE2-interacting residues.
The crystal structure of the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike in complex with human ACE2 sheds light on the structural differences compared with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV that increase its binding affinity to ACE2.
SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally. Here, the authors characterize the entry pathway of SARS-CoV-2, show that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is less stable than that of SARS-CoV, and show limited cross-neutralization activities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 sera.
An estimation of the clinical severity of COVID-19, based on the data available so far, can help to inform the public health response during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
This study describes the development of an approach to rapidly screen lineage B betacoronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2, for receptor usage and their ability to infect cell types from different species. Using it, they confirm human…
Phylogenetic and metagenomic analyses of the complete viral genome of a new coronavirus from the family Coronaviridae reveal that the virus is closely related to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses found in bats in China.
Characterization of full-length genome sequences from patients infected with a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) shows that the sequences are nearly identical and indicates that the virus is related to a bat coronavirus.
Radiotherapy can be safely delivered during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, often through use of hypofractionated regimens, which minimize the number of visits to treatment centres while also avoiding potentially detrimental delays in the delivery of cancer care.
Nearly 100 years since it was first used in humans as a vaccine for tuberculosis, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) has been suggested as a possible agent to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A number of studies are underway to investigate this possibility…
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which invades a cell through binding to the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 priming. Patients with severe disease predominantly present with pneumonia-related symptoms.…
Preliminary data suggest that people with obesity are at increased risk of severe COVID-19. However, as data on metabolic parameters (such as BMI and levels of glucose and insulin) in patients with COVID-19 are scarce, increased reporting is needed to improve our…
Crowdsourcing efforts are currently underway to collect and analyze data from patients with cancer who are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These community-led initiatives will fill key knowledge gaps to tackle crucial clinical questions on the complexities of…
Health-care services are rapidly transforming their organization and workforce in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These changes, and a desire to mitigate infection risk, are having profound effects on other vital aspects of care,…
Over 180 clinical trials of proposed COVID-19 drugs are already recruiting patients, and another 150 are registered to start recruiting patients soon. But many of these trials are small and not designed to identify the best treatment strategies for the COVID-19…
Clinicians and researchers are rapidly adapting to working in the midst of a pandemic. Herein, we share our initial thoughts of the consequences of COVID-19 for the oncology community.
Previous crises have shown how an economic crash has dire consequences for public health. But in the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is entering uncharted territory. The world’s leaders must prepare to preserve health.
As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps through the world, we must reassess the principles that guide our individual and collective responses and the way we operate in society. In the face of crisis, we must lead with science and humanity.
As the spread of SARS-CoV-2 has triggered worldwide closures of research labs and facilities, Kostas Kostarelos shares his views on what may be going wrong in the fight against COVID-19 and how the nanoscience community could and should contribute.
In the short time since SARS-CoV2 emerged, much has been learned about the immunopathology of the infection. Here, Xuetao Cao discusses what these early insights imply for drug discovery and clinical management.
The prevalence of direct kidney involvement in novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is low, but such involvement is a marker of multiple organ dysfunction and severe disease. Here, we explore potential pathways of kidney damage and discuss the rationale for…
Many physicists want to use their mathematical modelling skills to study the COVID-19 pandemic. Julia Gog, a mathematical epidemiologist, explains some ways to contribute.
Patients on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis are likely to be at increased risk of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Preventive strategies must be implemented to minimize the risk of disease transmission in dialysis facilities, including education of staff…
COVID-19 has started to reach Africa, a continent that has in recent decades faced the ongoing HIV/AIDS pandemic and the Ebola epidemic of 2014–2016. Dr Matshidiso Moeti, WHO Regional Director for Africa, talks to Nature Human Behaviour about the African response to COVID-19.
The stock market provides a view of what investors expect for the future. It is precisely in complex situations such as the COVID-19 outbreak that the prescience of the market is particularly valuable, argues Alexander F. Wagner.
Growth-at-any-cost economics has health costs, a reality the COVID-19 pandemic brings into sharp relief. Governments must manage the tension between economics and health, but they should not stray from their original mandate to protect people. Too much dependence on…
The debate over whether autocracies or democracies are better at fighting epidemics is misguided. Under President Xi Jinping’s centralized command, his administration has both succeeded and failed at handling the COVID-19 crisis. While it effectively curbed…
The human tendency to impose a single interpretation in ambiguous situations carries huge dangers in addressing COVID-19. We need to search actively for multiple interpretations, and governments need to choose policies that are robust if their preferred theory turns…
In the current absence of medical treatment and vaccination, the unfolding COVID-19 pandemic can only be brought under control by massive and rapid behaviour change. To achieve this we need to systematically monitor and understand how different individuals perceive…
The global practice of monetizing ecosystems to further national economic development has laid fertile ground for the COVID-19 pandemic and others like it, writes Cobus van Staden.
The global COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to severely affect those with rheumatic diseases or who are taking immunosuppressive therapies. Information is lacking as to how these groups will fare if they become infected. A global alliance has rapidly formed to…
COVID-19 has affected vulnerable populations disproportionately across China and the world. Solid social and scientific evidence to tackle health inequity in the current COVID-19 pandemic is in urgent need.
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) worldwide outbreak has led to a dramatic challenge for all healthcare systems, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) centres. Here, we describe the fast changes and clinical issues that IBD specialists could face during this…
Chloroquine — an approved malaria drug — is known in nanomedicine research for the investigation of nanoparticle uptake in cells, and may have potential for the treatment of COVID-19.
The world is currently in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid changes in medical priorities are being enforced across all health-care systems. Urologists have had to reduce or halt their clinical activity and assist on COVID-19 wards. The repercussions on…
The outbreak of 2019-novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that is caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly in China, and has developed to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. However, no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines are available yet.…
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects host cells through ACE2 receptors, leading to coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related pneumonia, while also causing acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system.…
As the COVID-19 outbreak continues, the next pandemic could be prevented by ending the wildlife trade and reinvesting in the monitoring of potential zoonoses.
Mutation. The word naturally conjures fears of unexpected and freakish changes. Ill-informed discussions of mutations thrive during virus outbreaks, including the ongoing spread of SARS-CoV-2. In reality, mutations are a natural part of the virus life cycle and rarely impact outbreaks dramatically.
Therapeutic options in response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak are urgently needed. Here, we discuss the potential for repurposing existing antiviral agents to treat 2019-nCoV infection (now known as COVID-19), some of which are already moving into clinical trials.
The strengthening of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has been a turning point in outbreak responses in the area. This represents very welcome progress and development for global health security and diplomacy.
As the international community responds to an outbreak of coronavirus-induced pneumonia in Wuhan, China, early and open data sharing — which are vital for its control — depend on the trust that the data will not be used without proper attribution to those who generated it.
Here a group of leaders in the field define our current understanding of ‘trained immunity’, which refers to the memory-type responses that occur in the innate immune system. The authors discuss our current understanding of the key epigenetic and metabolic processes…
In the short time since SARS-CoV-2 infections emerged in humans, much has been learned about the immunological processes that underlie the clinical manifestation of COVID-19. Here, the authors provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and…
In this Perspective article, the authors recount the earliest stages of translational research into IL-6 biology and the subsequent development of therapeutic IL-6 pathway inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases and potentially numerous other indications.
Shivashankar and Uhler propose a link between cell mechano-genomics and coronavirus replication with implications for understanding the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2.
Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine are antimalarial drugs commonly used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Multiple mechanisms might explain the efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs, but further investigation could lead to the development of more specific and potent drugs.
We need to integrate the knowledge and skills from different disciplines and from communities all over the world to enable effective responses to future epidemics.
Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is rapidly moving from bench to bedside. This Review discusses the clinical applications of mNGS, including infectious disease diagnostics, microbiome analyses, host response analyses and oncology applications.…
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the rapid onset of noncardiogenic pulmonary oedema, hypoxaemia and the need for mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients. This Primer describes the risk factors for ARDS, the underlying pulmonary damage and repair…
A Perspective discussing the factors that have contributed to the success and failure of point-of-care tests for resource-limited settings and the challenges and opportunities that exist for developing new infectious disease diagnostics.
This Review Article describes how recent advances in viral genome sequencing and phylogenetics have enabled key issues associated with outbreak epidemiology to be more accurately addressed, and highlights the requirements and challenges for generating, sharing and…
Coronaviruses have a broad host range and distribution, and some highly pathogenic lineages have spilled over to humans and animals. Here, Cui, Li and Shi explore the viral factors that enabled the emergence of diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome.
The virulence of viruses is a major determinant of the health burden of viral infections in humans and other species. In this article, Geoghegan and Holmes discuss how largely disparate research fields — theoretical modelling of virulence evolution and experimental…
Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 is an interferon-induced protein that has been implicated as a central player in the host antiviral response. In this Review, Perng and Lenschow provide new insights into how ISG15 restricts and shapes the host response to viral…
So-called super-antibodies are highly potent, broadly reactive antiviral antibodies that offer promise for the treatment of various chronic and emerging viruses. This Review describes how recent technological advances led to their isolation from rare, infected…
Emerging viral diseases present a huge and increasingly important global threat to public health systems. Graham and Sullivan discuss the challenges presented by emerging viral diseases and discuss how innovations in technology and policy can address this threat.
Next-generation sequencing has the potential to support public health surveillance systems to improve the early detection of emerging infectious diseases. This Review delineates the role of genomics in rapid outbreak response and the challenges that need to be…
Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) have been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, as well as infectious diseases. Here, Jackson and colleagues discuss the pathological roles of DUBs,…
Remdesivir (RDV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug with activity against MERS coronavirus, but in vivo efficacy has not been evaluated. Here, the authors show that RDV has superior anti-MERS activity in vitro and in vivo compared to combination therapy with…
Viruses rely on host cell metabolism for replication, making these pathways potential therapeutic targets. Here, the authors show that AM580, a retinoid derivative and RAR-α agonist, affects replication of several RNA viruses by interfering with the activity of SREBP.
Here, Gassen et al. show that S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) is responsible for lysine-48-linked poly-ubiquitination of beclin 1, resulting in its proteasomal degradation, and that inhibition of SKP2 enhances autophagy and reduces replication of MERS coronavirus.
Cryo-EM structures of MERS-CoV S glycoprotein trimer in complex with different sialosides reveal how the virus engages with sialylated receptors, providing insight into receptor specificity and selectivity.
Antibodies that target the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the MERS-CoV spike remain poorly characterized. Here, Zhou et al. report the structural and functional analysis of the NTD-targeting mAb 7D10 and show that it synergizes with antibodies targeting the…
Structural and functional analyses reveal how 9-O-acetyl sialic acid is recognized by the human coronavirus OC43 S glycoprotein and how this interaction promotes viral entry.
The pathogenic human coronaviruses SARS- and MERS-CoV can cause severe respiratory disease. Here the authors present the 3.1Å cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV RNA polymerase nsp12 bound to its essential co-factors nsp7 and nsp8, which is of interest for antiviral drug development.
Dampened activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in bat primary immune cells in response to infection with multiple zoonotic viruses is caused by decreased transcriptional priming, the presence of a unique splice variant and an…
Rachel Graham et al. show that coronaviruses with extensively rewired transcription regulatory networks are effective vaccine candidates against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. The reversion of live-attenuated vaccine strains to virulence can be avoided with these vaccines.
Corticosteroid therapy is frequently used for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but its use is associated with increased risk of pneumonia. Here the authors show that corticosteroid use impairs innate and adaptive immunity to rhinovirus infection, which is restored by exogenous IFNβ.
Analysis of viral samples from deceased piglets shows that a bat coronavirus was responsible for an outbreak of fatal disease in China and highlights the importance of the identification of coronavirus diversity and distribution in bats in order to mitigate future outbreaks of disease.
Understanding global epidemics spread is crucial for preparedness and response. Here the authors introduce an analytical framework to study epidemic spread on air transport networks, and demonstrate its power to estimate key epidemic parameters by application to the…
Mice made susceptible to MERS-CoV, using CRISPR–Cas9 to alter the gene encoding the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 receptor, allow efficient viral replication in the lungs and display symptoms indicative of severe acute respiratory stress.
371
editorial
On being human in the face of a pandemic
As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps through the world, we must reassess the principles that guide our individual and
collective responses and the way we operate in society. In the face of crisis, we must lead with science and humanity.
I
t has been three short months since a
pneumonia of unknown cause was first
reported in the city of Wuhan in the
Hubei province of China. Yet at the time of
this writing, in early April 2020, the number
of COVID-19 cases is nearing 1.5 million
worldwide, with >87,000 fatalities and
over 3 billion people under some form of
stay-at-home orders. Pandemics are certainly
not a new occurrence in human history, with
the H1N1 influenza pandemic of 2009 being
particularly fresh in memory. The quality
and sophistication of modern medicine and
technology are at their peak. Furthermore,
we live in an era of rapid and efficient
global communication and collaboration of
nations. And yet the causative coronavirus,
SARS-CoV-2, is sweeping through the
world with a devastating death toll, bringing
healthcare systems to a breaking point,
grounding half the global population and
shattering our perceptions of normality. The
forensic analysis of how we got to this point
will have to wait while we fight this crisis.
Suffice it to say that the combination of a
rapidly disseminating new virus and a toxic
mix of political vacillation and opportunism,
misinformation, weak health systems and
science denialism created the perfect storm.
This pandemic has been an urgent
wake-up call for many high-income
countries, as it has brought to the fore the
fragility of their healthcare systems, not
because their otherwise well-equipped
and well-staffed hospitals did not have
stockpiles of thousands of ventilators,
but because they failed to mount a rapid
and decisive response to protect their
citizens on a political level. The lack of
clear, science-driven guidance, effective
testing and early planning to procure the
necessary medical equipment despite the
mounting evidence that we were facing a
global health emergency has been especially
shocking in the USA, EU and UK. Despite
priding themselves on the power of their
respective unions, quality of science and
medical expertise, and economic strength,
they each failed spectacularly in their initial
response to the pandemic, coming across
at best as unprepared and at worst as naïve
and uninformed. This lack of preparedness
has unfortunately placed vulnerable parts
of the population at greater risk, not just
of contracting this infection but also of
potentially being unable to receive essential
care for other serious conditions, including
cancer, should hospitals become inundated
with patients with COVID-19.
With powerhouses such as the USA,
EU and UK floundering and unable to
coordinate a unified, effective response,
how lower-income countries with already
compromised health systems will face
this challenge and whether the necessary
international support will be forthcoming
have become pressing questions.
Yet some continue to characterize this
virus as ‘the great equalizer’. The facts say it
is nothing of the sort. Beyond the differences
in how people respond to the infection itself,
COVID-19 has accentuated the differences
between the haves and the have-nots. As
part of the population shelters in place in
comfortable homes, many others reside
in cramped living spaces or are homeless.
While many of us have been readjusting
to a work-from-home reality and may be
worrying about stalled careers and missed
professional opportunities, many others are
essential workers who now face increased
risks to keep key services up and running—
not to mention the large numbers of people
who are losing their livelihoods as the
economy continues to crash, or those who
were already relying on external help to get
by. Moreover, curtailing social activities and
human interaction has revealed the gulf
between those who, surrounded by their
family, are anxious to keep them safe, and
those who are alone and have been left even
more isolated. While the needs and anxieties
of every person are valid, it is essential to
recognize that certain parts of the population
bear a disproportionate burden of this crisis
and need our support and protection as
a priority. Unfortunately, the pervasive view,
especially at earlier stages of the pandemic,
that only those with underlying conditions or
of older age were vulnerable, revealed instead
an alarming degree of ableism and ageism in
our society. Stories abound of people who,
lacking a modicum of social responsibility
or self-control, refused to follow
social-distancing guidelines and thereby
endangered themselves and others. More
disturbing, however, have been the state-level
ideas of relying on the development of
naturally acquired herd immunity or of
focusing on jumpstarting the economy
before achieving outbreak containment.
Both strategies would come at a huge cost
of human life, given the current absence of
reliable point-of-care testing to distinguish
carriers from recovered or healthy people.
At the opposite end of the spectrum
lies the response of those in the medical
and scientific communities, who have
been a beacon of solidarity, resilience
and action. The doctors, nurses and all
other healthcare workers who, faced with
unprecedented challenges, are bearing
the brunt of this pandemic on the front
lines have been nothing short of inspiring.
Moreover, despite the fact that the
routine research enterprise has come to
an abrupt halt, with many laboratories in
several countries now closed, researchers
have also rallied to fight the pandemic.
Scientists from around the world have
rapidly diverted efforts toward all aspects
of COVID-19 work, from basic biology
and immunology to diagnostic testing,
vaccines and therapeutic interventions.
Volunteers have been offering their skills
as part of international collaborations, and
shuttered labs have been donating reagents
and essential lab and personal protective
equipment. Others have been making the
most of their digitally confined existence by
applying their expertise to parse the rapidly
expanding SARS-CoV-2 literature, distilling
and disseminating knowledge to other
scientists and the general public. If there is
a silver lining in this challenging situation,
it is seeing this community spirit flourish
and also experiencing the shift of an often
science-skeptic public, who are now turning
to scientists and doctors with renewed trust.
It is essential to maintain this renewed focus
by the public and governments on science,
medicine and technology even after the
threat of COVID-19 is addressed.
“Man is the measure of all things,” said
the ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras.
Setting aside the philosophical debate that
surrounds this anthropocentric view of
the universe, the message is particularly
apt today, when the world is in the throes
of the COVID-19 pandemic. Each human
experience, and by extension each human
life, is unique, equally valid and precious.
During these tumultuous times, we need to
remember this and join efforts to lead with
science and humanity. ❐
Published online: 9 April 2020
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-0062-2
Nature Cancer | VOL 1 | April 2020 | 371 | www.nature.com/natcancer
LE FONDS DE
SOLIDARITE
Quelles démarches
pour quelles
entreprises?
Dossier de presse
Mardi 31 mars 2020
CORONAVIRUS COVID-19
FAQ – Fonds de solidarité
1. Le fonds de solidarité, c’est quoi ?
2. Qui finance le fonds de solidarité ?
3. Qui bénéficie de ce fonds de solidarité ?
4. Quelles démarches pour bénéficier du fonds de solidarité ?
5. Toutes les entreprises qui font la demande auront automatiquement 1 500 euros ?
6. Pourquoi plafonner l’aide à 1500 euros ?
7. Comment faire si j’ai créé mon activité après le mois de mars 2019 ?
8. Pourquoi se limiter aux entreprises qui ont une baisse de chiffre d’affaires de 70% ou plus ?
9. Pourquoi le deuxième volet du fonds est-il limité aux entreprises qui comptent au moins 1 salarié ?
10. Le fonds de solidarité sera-t-il renouvelé pour le mois d’avril ?
1. Le fonds de solidarité, c’est quoi ?
C’est un fonds créé par l’Etat et les Régions pour prévenir la cessation d’activité des très petites
entreprises (TPE), micro-entrepreneurs, indépendants et professions libérales, qui ont 10 salariés au
plus, un chiffre d’affaires annuel inférieur à 1 million d’euros et un bénéfice annuel imposable inférieur
à 60 000 euros, particulièrement touchées par les conséquences économiques du covid-19. Il s’agit
d’entreprises qui ont fait l’objet d’une interdiction d’accueil du public selon l’article 8 du décret du 23
mars 2020, même s’il y a une activité résiduelle telle que la vente à emporter, la livraison et les retraits
de commandes, « room service » ou d’une perte de chiffre d’affaires d’au moins 50 % en mars 2020
par rapport à mars 2019.
Ce fonds de solidarité permet de verser une aide directe aux entreprises concernées en complément
d’autres mesures ou d’autres aides qu’elles peuvent avoir par ailleurs.
Le fonds comporte deux volets :
Le premier volet permet à l’entreprise de bénéficier d’une aide d’un montant égal à la perte déclarée de
chiffre d’affaires en mars 2020, dans la limite de 1 500 €.
La référence pour le calcul de la perte de chiffre d’affaires est précisée dans le tableau ci-dessous :
Entreprises existantes au 1
er mars 2019 Chiffre d’affaires du mois de mars
2019
Entreprises créées après le 1er mars 2019 Chiffre d’affaires mensuel moyen entre
la date de création et le 1er mars 2020
Entrepreneur ayant bénéficié d’un congé pour
maladie, accident du travail ou maternité en mars
2019
Chiffre d’affaires mensuel moyen entre
le 1er avril 2019 et le 1er mars 2020
Le second volet permet aux entreprises qui bénéficient du premier volet de percevoir une aide
complémentaire forfaitaire de 2000 € lorsque :
elles se trouvent dans l’impossibilité de régler leurs créances exigibles à trente jours ;
elles se sont vues refuser un prêt de trésorerie d’un montant raisonnable par leur banque.
Pour en faire la demande, l’entreprise doit avoir au moins un salarié. Les régions seront en charge de
l’instruction de ce deuxième volet.
2. Qui finance le fonds de solidarité ?
Le fonds est financé par l’Etat, les Régions et les collectivités d’outre-mer. Il est ouvert aux contributions
d’autres collectivités et de donateurs privés. Les compagnies d’assurance ont déjà annoncé une
contribution de 200 millions d’euros.
3. Qui bénéficie de ce fonds de solidarité ?
Ce fonds s’adresse aux commerçants, artisans, professions libérales et autres agents économiques,
quel que soit leur statut (société, entrepreneur individuel, association…) et leur régime fiscal et social
(y compris micro-entrepreneurs), ayant :
un effectif inférieur ou égal à 10 salariés ;
un chiffre d’affaires sur le dernier exercice clos inférieur à 1 000 000€ ;
un bénéfice imposable inférieur à 60 000 €.
Leur activité doit avoir débutée avant le 1er février 2020 et il ne doit pas y avoir eu de déclaration de
cessation de paiement avant le 1er mars 2020.
Par ailleurs, les titulaires d’un contrat de travail ou d’une pension de retraite et les entrepreneurs ayant
bénéficié d’au moins deux semaines d’arrêt maladie en mars ne sont pas éligibles.
4. Quelles démarches pour bénéficier du fonds de solidarité ?
Pour le premier volet de l’aide :
A partir du mardi 31 mars 2020, toutes les entreprises éligibles ayant fait l’objet d’une fermeture
administrative ou ayant subi une perte de chiffre d’affaires de plus de 70% en mars 2020 par rapport à
mars 2019 pourront faire leur demande sur le site impots.gouv.fr en renseignant les éléments
suivants : SIREN, SIRET, RIB, chiffre d’affaires, montant de l’aide demandée, déclaration sur l’honneur.
A partir du vendredi 3 avril 2020, toutes les entreprises éligibles ayant subi une perte de chiffre
d’affaires de plus de 50% en mars 2020 par rapport à mars 2019 pourront également faire une
déclaration sur le site impots.gouv.fr pour recevoir une aide défiscalisée allant jusqu’à 1 500 euros.
La DGFiP effectuera des contrôles de premier niveau et versera l’aide rapidement au demandeur. Des
contrôles de second niveau pourront être effectués par la DGFiP postérieurement au versement de
l’aide.
Pour le second volet de l’aide :
A partir du 15 avril 2020, l’entreprise se rendra sur une plateforme ouverte par la région dans laquelle
ils exercent leur activité. Afin que les services de la région puissent examiner la demande, l’entreprise
joindra une estimation étayée de son impasse de trésorerie, une description succincte de sa situation
démontrant le risque imminent de faillite ainsi que le nom de la banque dont l’entreprise est cliente lui
ayant refusé un prêt de trésorerie d’un montant raisonnable, le montant du prêt demandé et son contact
dans la banque.
L’aide sera versée par la DGFiP.
5. Toutes les entreprises qui font la demande auront
automatiquement 1 500 euros ?
Si l’entreprise remplit les conditions d’octroi de l’aide versée au titre du premier volet, elle percevra
automatiquement une aide défiscalisée couvrant sa perte de chiffre d’affaires et allant jusqu’à 1 500
euros.
6. Pourquoi plafonner l’aide à 1500 euros ?
Le fonds a été paramétré de manière à soutenir un maximum d’entreprises et de commerce, en vue de
couvrir leurs frais fixes pour la période sur laquelle elles sont impactées.
Pour rappel, l’aide mise en place par l’Etat ne se limite pas à ce seul fonds et de nombreuses mesures
sont en place, telles que notamment l’indemnisation du chômage partiel des salariés, le report des
échéances sociales et fiscales, ou encore la garantie des prêts de trésorerie.
7. Comment faire si j’ai créé mon activité après le mois de mars
2019 ?
S’il est impossible de comparer le niveau d’activité entre mars 2019 et mars 2020, alors la comparaison
se fera entre le niveau de chiffre d’affaires en mars 2020 et la moyenne mensuelle du chiffre d’affaires
sur les mois d’activité depuis la création de l’entreprise
8. Pourquoi le deuxième volet du fonds est-il limité
aux entreprises qui comptent au moins 1 salarié ?
Le deuxième volet du fonds, instruit sur dossier par les régions, est un dispositif « anti-faillite » pour les
très petites entreprises qui, malgré les différentes mesures déployées par le gouvernement, seraient
encore en risque de défaillance en raison principalement de leurs frais fixes.
9. Le fonds de solidarité sera-t-il renouvelé pour le mois d’avril ?
Le fonds de solidarité a été abondé pour le mois de mars et sera renouvelé pour le mois d’avril.