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H A R V A R D B U S I N E S S S C H O O L Copyright © 2002–2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission of the Harvard Business School. Harvard Business School must reserve the right to make changes at any time affecting policies, fees, curricula, courses, degrees, and programs offered (including the modification or possible elimination of degrees and programs); rules pertaining to conduct or discipline; or any other matters cited in this publication. While every effort has been made to ensure that this publication is accurate and up to date, it may include typographical or other errors. If you have any comments about this guide, please contact rreiser@hbs.edu or infoservices@hbs.edu. Printed October 2010 Citation Guide 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 A C A D E M I C Y E A RTable of Contents About This Guide Purpose of Citations What to Cite Types of Citations: Footnotes, Source Lines, and Bibliographies Footnotes and Endnotes Source Lines Bibliographies Repeating a Citation Ibid. Shortened Footnote Creating New Citation Styles Permission Requirements Examples of Citations Advertisements Analyst Reports Annual Reports (Printed) Annual Reports (Online) Articles Blogs Bond Prospectuses Books (Printed) Books (Online) Brochures Cases (Printed) Cases (Online) Charts Citation within a Citation Classroom Discussions Compiled Information Conference Papers Databases Downloaded Documents E-mail 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 20 20 20Citations of Commercial Databases ABI/INFORM Bloomberg Business Source Complete Capital IQ Compustat Datastream Deal Pipeline Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) eMarketer Euromonitor Factiva First Research Forrester Frost & Sullivan Gartner Global Financial Data Global Market Information Database (GMID) Hoover’s I/B/E/S ISI Emerging Markets JSTOR LexisNexis MarketResearch.com Academic Mintel OneSource SDC (Securities Data Company) SourceOECD Standard & Poor’s (S&P) Thomson ONE Banker World Development Indicators (WDI Online) Endnotes Bibliography Films Government Documents Illustrations Interviews Journals Legal Cases Magazines Maps Market Research Reports Memorandums Minisodes Movies News Websites News Wires Newspapers (Printed) Newspapers (Online) Notes Periodicals (Printed) Periodicals (Online) Podcasts Powerpoint Presentations Press Releases Proceedings Radio Programs SEC Filings Secondary Sources Slide Presentations Tables Technical Notes Television Programs Theses and Dissertations Unpublished Papers Videos Webcasts Websites Working Papers (Printed) Working Papers (Online) 20 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 41 42Citation Guidelines 4 CITATION GUIDE About This Guide This guide describes the citation conventions that HBS students should use when writing research papers. The guide has been adapted from Chapter 3 of the Style Guide for HBS Casewriters, which is available online at http://intranet.hbs.edu/dept/drfd/caseservices/styleguide.pdf. For information about citing source materials not covered in this guide, please contact rreiser@hbs.edu. Purpose of Citations There are three main reasons to include citations in your papers: • To give credit to the authors of the source materials you used when writing the paper. • To enable readers to follow up on the source materials. • To demonstrate that your paper is well-researched. There are many ways to document one’s research. The following guidelines, based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., present one method. Whichever method you choose, it is important to follow a format that is clear and consistent. What to Cite You should cite all direct quotations, paraphrased factual statements, and borrowed ideas. The only items that do not need to be cited are facts that seem to be common knowledge, such as the date of the stock market crash. However, if you present facts in someone else’s words, you should cite the source of those words. In addition, if you paraphrase large amounts of information from one source, you should cite that source, as emphasized in Harvard University’s Expository Writing guidelines: When you draw a great deal of information from a single source, you should cite that source even if the information is common knowledge, since the source (and its particular way of organizing the information) has made a significant contribution to your paper.1 Failure to give credit to the words and ideas of an original author is plagiarism. Most people do not intend to commit plagiarism but may do so inadvertently because they are in a hurry or because of sloppy work habits. For tips on how to avoid plagiarism, see the following resources: “Misuse of Sources,” in Gordon Harvey, Writing with Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students, second edition (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2008). “Working Habits that Work,” in Academic Integrity at Princeton, Princeton University, http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/habits. “Policy on Plagiarism & Collaboration,” on the HBS MBA website, http://my.hbs.edu/mbadocs/ admin/quick_info/policies/academic/stuwork/plagiarism.jhtml. > > >5 CITATION GUIDE Types of Citations: Footnotes, Source Lines, and Bibliographies Citations can appear in three main forms: footnotes (or endnotes), source lines, and bibliographies. Each form contains similar information arranged in a different way. The following sections provide details about each form. Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and endnotes have the same function —to cite the exact page of a source you refer to in your paper. The only difference between footnotes and endnotes is placement: footnotes appear at the bottom of the page, whereas endnotes appear at the end of the document. The main characteristics of footnotes and endnotes are as follows: • They are preceded by a number. • The author’s name is in natural order. • The elements of the citation are separated by commas. The following examples show a quotation and its corresponding footnote or endnote: Quotation cited in text Sahlman says, “Taking advantage of arbitrage opportunities is a viable and potentially profitable way to enter a business.” 32 Corresponding footnote or endnote 32 William A. Sahlman, “How to Write a Great Business Plan,” Harvard Business Review 75 (July –August 1997): 103. Source Lines Source lines typically appear under charts, exhibits, tables, and other graphical items. Source lines should acknowledge the source of the graphic or the data that was used to create it. A source line begins with the word Source and continues with the same information that would appear in a footnote or endnote. The following are some examples of source lines: Source: Jon F. Thompson, Cycle World, vol. 35, no. 6 (June 2008), p. 23. Source: “Worldwide Semiconductor Shipments,” Semiconductor Industry Association website, http://www.sia-online.org/downloads/ww_shipments.pdf, accessed August 2009. Source: Compiled from Bloomberg LP, LexisNexis, and SEC filings data, May 2008. Source: Casewriter’s diagram based on Rhythms NetConnections, Inc. price data for April 7, 2007 through April 30, 2008, obtained from Thomson Reuters Datastream, accessed November 2008. >6 CITATION GUIDE Bibliographies A bibliography lists all of the references you used to create a research paper. The bibliography appears at the end of the paper, after the endnotes, if any. If you have included footnotes (or endnotes) and source lines in your paper, then you do not need to include a bibliography unless your professor has requested one. Bibliographies have the following formatting conventions: • The first author’s name is inverted (last name first), and most elements are separated by periods. • Entries have a special indentation style in which all lines but the first are indented. • Entries are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name, or by the first word of the title if no author is listed. Bibliographies typically appear in documents that use the author-date style of citation, which is not shown here for space reasons. The following is an example of the author-date style: Reference in text: (Calabrese and Loften, 2000) Bibliography entry: Calabrese, Edward, and Peter Loften (2000). “The chronic effects of fluoride on the estuarine amphipods,” Water Research 16:1313–17. For more information about the author-date style of citations, see chapters 16 and 17 in The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th. ed. Repeating a Citation After the first complete citation of a work, you may abbreviate subsequent instances by using either Ibid. or a shortened form of the citation. See the following examples of each style. Ibid. Use Ibid. to repeat a footnote that appears immediately before the current footnote. Ibid. takes the place of the author’s name, the title of the work, and as much of the subsequent information as is identical. For example: 50 Thomas Smith, “New Debate over Business Records,” The New York Times, December 31, 1978, sec. 3, p 5. 51 Ibid., p. 6. Citation Guidelines – continued >7 CITATION GUIDE Shortened Footnote Use the shortened footnote style to repeat a note that is before, but not contiguous to, the current footnote. The shortened note should include enough information to help readers identify the source — i.e., the last name of the author; enough of the title to be clear; and the page number, if different from the first. For example: 2 1 Samuel A. Morley, Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: The Impact of Adjustment and Recovery (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), pp. 24–25. 2 [Citation of different source] 3 Morley, Poverty and Inequality, p. 43. Creating New Citation Styles If you cannot find an example of the type of source material you want to cite, and if you have exhausted other resources (including The Chicago Manual of Style and rreiser@hbs.edu), then just cite all of the details that would help a reader find the source easily. Think about the four “W”s: WHO created the work, WHAT is the title and type of information, WHEN was it published, and WHERE can one find it? The following examples show citations that were created without templates but that are precise and easy to follow: Author’s e-mail survey of students from MBA class of 2009, November 12–15, 2010, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. Clarence Saunders, “Documentary Evidence about Piggly Wiggly,” Harvard pre-1920 social history/ business preservation microfilm project, available from Historical Collections, Baker Library, Harvard Business School, Microfilm HD Box #136. Caroline J. Ferguson and Barbara A. Schaal, “Phylogeography of Phlox pilosa subsp. ozarkana,” poster presented at the 16th International Botanical Congress, St. Louis, 1999.3 David Hanson, “The Provenance of the Ruskin-Allen Letters (computer printout, Department of English, Southeastern University, 2001), p. 16.4 >When you are citing unusual source materials, don’t worry about following a particular format; instead, just include all of the details that would help readers locate the information quickly. It is always better to provide readers with too much rather than too little source information. Permission Requirements If you plan to publish a paper or distribute it widely (e.g., on a website), and if the paper contains the following kinds of information, you may need permission from the copyright holder: • Graphical items (charts, graphs, maps, photographs, tables, etc.) • Entire documents or articles • Excerpts of text or data Be sure to check the copyright holder’s permission requirements before redistributing any of their information outside the classroom. 8 CITATION GUIDE > Citation Guidelines – continuedThis section shows examples of citations for the most common kinds of source materials. For information about citing other kinds of materials, see Creating New Citation Styles on p. 7, or contact rreiser@hbs.edu. A few notes about the examples: • The term periodical refers to journals and magazines. • For brevity, access dates in the examples show only the month and year (e.g., June 2009). If you are citing information that is updated frequently or pertains to a time-sensitive field such as medicine, then you might want to include complete access dates. • The following examples appear in alphabetical order, with one exception: When citations are shown for both printed and online formats, the examples for printed format appear first. Advertisements Television 5 Footnote 1 Volkswagen of America, Inc., “Crazy Guy,” television advertisement (Arnold Communications, Inc., directed by Phil Morrison), 2002. Bibliography Volkswagen of America, Inc. “Crazy Guy.” Television advertisement. Arnold Communications, Inc., directed by Phil Morrison, 2002. On the Web Footnote 2 Volkswagen of America, Inc., “Crazy Guy,” television advertisement (Arnold Communications, Inc., directed by Phil Morrison), 2000, http://www.andyawards .com/winners.2000/last_television3.html, accessed August 2002. Bibliography Volkswagen of America, Inc. “Crazy Guy.” Television advertisement. Arnold Communications, Inc., directed by Phil Morrison, 2002. http://www.andyawards.com/winners.2000/last_television3.html, accessed August 2002. 9 CITATION GUIDE > Examples of CitationsAnalyst Reports Signed Footnote (on the Web) 3 Steve Weinstein, “High Growth in search creates opportunities for niche players,” Pacific Crest Securities, November 4, 2003, p. 11, http://www.pacific-crest.com, accessed December 2008. Bibliography Weinstein, Steve. “High Growth in search creates opportunities for niche players.” Pacific Crest Securities, November 4, 2003. http://www.pacific-crest.com, accessed December 2008. Unsigned Footnote 4 Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, “Perspectives on the U.S. Restaurant Industry,” August 20, 2007. Unsigned Footnote (database) 4 Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC, “Perspectives on the U.S. Restaurant Industry,” August 20, 2007, via Thomson Research/Investext, accessed September 2009. Annual Reports (Printed) Printed Footnote 3 General Motors, 2001 Annual Report (Detroit: General Motors, 2002), p. 34. Bibliography General Motors. 2001 Annual Report. Detroit: General Motors, 2002. Note: Publication details, such as the location and name of publisher, are optional in citations of annual reports. These publication details have been omitted in the following examples of online annual reports. 10 CITATION GUIDE Examples of Citations – continued > >Annual Reports (Online) On the Web Footnote (company 4 General Motors, 2006 Annual Report, p. 58, http://www.gm.com/corporate/ website) investor_information/docs/fin_data/gm06ar/download/gm06ar.pdf, accessed September 2007. Bibliography General Motors. 2006 Annual Report. http://www.gm.com/corporate/ investor_information/docs/fin_data/gm06ar/download/gm06ar.pdf, accessed September 2007. On the Web Footnote (database) 5 General Motors, 2006 Annual Report, p. 58, via Thomson Research/Investext, accessed September 2007. Bibliography General Motors. 2006 Annual Report. Thomson Research/Investext, accessed September 2007. CD-ROM Footnote (LaserD) 6 General Motors, 2001 Annual Report, p. 34, available from Thomson Reuters Datastream, Global Access/Laser CD-ROM, disc no. A2015. Bibliography General Motors. 2001 Annual Report. Available from Thomson Reuters Datastream, Global Access/Laser CD-ROM, disc no. A2015. Articles See Newspapers and Periodicals. 11 CITATION GUIDE > >Blogs Blog entry Footnote or post Stephan Spencer, “Teen Blogger Says ‘No’ to Mowing the Lawn,” August 14, 2007, post on blog “Stephan Spencer’s Scatterings,” Business Blog Consulting, http://businessblogconsulting.com/, accessed September 2007. Comment on Footnote blog entry Terra Andersen, “[First few words of comment...],” August 21, 2007, comment on or post Stephan Spencer’s post “Teen Blogger Says ‘No’ to Mowing the Lawn,” August 14, 2007, on blog “Stephan Spencer’s Scatterings,” Business Blog Consulting, [URL of comment], accessed September 2007. Bibliography Andersen, Terra. “That’s wonderful!...” August 21, 2007, comment on Stephan Spencer’s post “Teen Blogger Says ‘No’ to Mowing the Lawn,” August 14, 2007. “Stephan Spencer’s Scatterings,” Business Blog Consulting. [URL of comment], accessed September 2007. Blog entry Footnote or post 7 John Quelch, “How to Profit from Scarcity,” August 31, 2007, post on blog “Marketing KnowHow,” Harvard Business Online, http://discussionleader.hbsp.com/ quelch/2007/08/how_to_profit_from_scarcity_1.html, accessed September 9, 2007. Comment on Footnote blog entry 8 John Davis, “I agree that scarcity...,” September 4, 2007, comment on John Quelch’s or post post “How to Profit from Scarcity,” August 31, 2007, on blog “Marketing KnowHow,” Harvard Business Online, http://discussionleader.hbsp.com/quelch/2007/08/how_to_ profit_from_scarcity_1.html#comments, accessed September 9, 2007. Bibliography Davis, John. “I agree that scarcity...” September 4, 2007, comment on John Quelch’s post “How to Profit from Scarcity,” August 31, 2007. “Marketing KnowHow,” Harvard Business Online. http://discussionleader.hbsp.com/quelch/2007/08/ how_to_profit_from_scarcity_1.html#comments, accessed September 2007. 12 CITATION GUIDE Examples of Citations – continued >13 CITATION GUIDE Bond Prospectuses Footnote 9 Formula One Finance B.V., August 1999 prospectus for US$1.4 billion of 100% Secured Floating Rate Notes, due 2010. Bibliography Formula One Finance B.V. August 1999 prospectus for US$1.4 billion of 100% Secured Floating Rate Notes, due 2010. Books (Printed) One author Footnote 10 David A. Garvin, Operations Strategy: Text and Cases (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992), p. 73. Bibliography Garvin, David A. Operations Strategy: Text and Cases. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992. Two Footnote authors 11 John P. Kotter and James L. Heskett, Corporate Culture and Performance (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 101. Bibliography Kotter, John P., and James L. Heskett. Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: Free Press, 1992. Three Footnote authors 12 John W. Pratt, Howard Raiffa, and R.O. Schlaifer, Introduction to Statistical Decision Theory (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), p. 45. Bibliography Pratt, John W., Howard Raiffa, and R.O. Schlaifer. Introduction to Statistical Decision Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995. > >Books (Printed) – continued More than Footnote three 13 F. M. Scherer et al., The Economics of Multi-Plant Operation authors (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), p. 97. Bibliography Scherer, F. M., Alan Beckenstein, Erich Kaufer, R. Dennis Murphy, and Francine Bougeon-Maassen. The Economics of Multi-Plant Operation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975. Editor Footnote 14 John J. Gabarro, ed., Managing People and Organizations (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), p. 145. Bibliography Gabarro, John J., ed. Managing People and Organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992. Multiple Footnote editors 15 Kim B. Clark et al., “Project Leadership and Organization,” in The Perpetual Enterprise Machine: High Performance Product Development in the 1990s, eds. H. Kent Bowen et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). Bibliography Clark, Kim B., Marco Iansiti, and Richard Billington. “Project Leadership and Organization.” InThe Perpetual Enterprise Machine: High Performance Product Development in the 1990s, edited by H. Kent Bowen and Steven Wheelwright. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Corporate Footnote author 16 U.S. Dept. of Commerce, U.S. Industrial Outlook (Washington, DC: Government (company or Printing Office, 1980), p. 687. association) Bibliography U.S. Dept. of Commerce. U.S. Industrial Outlook. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980. 14 CITATION GUIDE > Examples of Citations – continuedEdition Footnote 17 Francis J. Aguilar, General Managers in Action: Policies and Strategies, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 133. Bibliography Aguilar, Francis J. General Managers in Action: Policies and Strategies. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Chapters Footnote or other 18 Teresa M. Amabile, “Discovering the Unknowable, Managing the Unmanageable,” titled parts in Creative Action in Organizations, eds. C. M. Ford and D. A. Gioia (Thousand Oaks, of a book CA: Sage Publications, 1995), p. 81. Bibliography Amabile,Theresa M. “Discovering the Unknowable, Managing the Unmanageable.” In Creative Action in Organizations, eds. C. M. Ford and D. A. Gioia. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995. Books (Online) On the Web Footnote 19 Gregory J. E. Rawlins, Moths to the Flame (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Moths/, accessed August 1997. Bibliography Rawlins, Gregory J. E. Moths to the Flame. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996. http://www-mitpress.mit.edu/Moths/, accessed August 1997. CD-ROM Footnote 20 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. CD-ROM (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 157 Bibliography Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. 15 CITATION GUIDE >Examples of Citations – continued 16 CITATION GUIDE Brochures Signed Footnote 21 Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman, ed. Judith A. Barter (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1998), p. 7. Bibliography Barter, Judith A., ed. Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1998. Unsigned Footnote 22 Reinventing Software, IBM corporate brochure (White Plains, NY, December 2002), p. 3. Bibliography Reinventing Software. IBM corporate brochure. White Plains, NY, December 2002. Footnote 23 Lifestyles in Retirement, Library Series (New York: TIAA-CREF, 1996), p. 4. Bibliography Lifestyles in Retirement. Library Series. New York: TIAA-CREF, 1996. Footnote 24Altera Corporate Overview, from Altera website, http://www.altera.com/ corporate/overview/ovr-index.html, accessed October 2003. Bibliography Altera Corporate Overview. From Altera website, http://www.altera.com/ corporate/overview/ovr-index.html, accessed October 2003. >Cases (Printed) Printed Footnote 25 V. Kasturi Rangan, “Population Services International: The Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh,” HBS No. 586-013 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1993), p. 9. Bibliography Rangan, V. Kasturi. “Population Services International: The Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh.” HBS No. 586-013. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1993. Cases (Online) On the Web Footnote 26 Amy C. Edmondson and Laura R. Feldman, “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A),” HBS No. 603-068 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002), Harvard Business Online, http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu, Bibliography Edmondson, Amy C., and Laura R. Feldman. “Group Process in the Challenger Launch Decision (A).” HBS No. 603-068 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2002). Harvard Business Online. http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp. harvard.edu, accessed September 2007. Footnote 27 Michael J. Enright et al., “Daewoo and the Korean Chaoebol,” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001), via Harvard Business Online, http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007. Bibliography Enright, Michael J., et al. “Daewoo and the Korean Chaebol.” University of Hong Kong case no. HKU143 (University of Hong Kong, August 2001). Harvard Business Online. http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/, accessed March 2007. 17 CITATION GUIDE > >Examples of Citations – continued Charts Note: When citing a chart, illustration, or other graphical item, use the same style that is used to cite tables. See Tables. Citation within a Citation See Secondary Sources. Classroom Discussions Live classes Footnote 28 Michael J. Roberts, “The Entrepreneurial Manager,” MBA class discussion, September 29, 2001, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. Bibliography Roberts, Michael J. “The Entrepreneurial Manager.” MBA class discussion, September 29, 2001. Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. Compiled Information The way that you create graphical items such as charts, exhibits, tables, etc., determines how you should word the source lines. The following examples show different ways of wording source lines depending on how you created the item. Item copied Source directly from [Cite source exactly as it is.] a single source Item compiled Source from different Compiled from [SOURCE 1], [SOURCE 2], and [SOURCE 3]. sources Item compiled Source from different Compiled from [SOURCE 1], [SOURCE 2], and author’s calculations. different sources, including author’s own calculations 18 CITATION GUIDE > > > >Item in Source: format Author, based on data from [SOURCE 1], [SOURCE 2], and [SOURCE 3]. created by author but based on data from various sources Conference Papers Published Footnote (in printed 29 J.Wiklund, F. Delmar, and K. Sjöberg, “Selection of the Fittest? How Human form) Capital Affects High-Potential Entrepreneurship,” Proceedings of the Academy of Management 2004 Conference, New Orleans, LA, August 6–11, 2004, pp. 246–250. Bibliography Wiklund, J., F. Delmar, and K. Sjöberg. “Selection of the Fittest? How Human Capital Affects High-Potential Entrepreneurship.” Proceedings of the Academy of Management 2004 Conference, New Orleans, LA, August 6–11, 2004, pp. 246–250. Published Footnote (in online 30 Mark T. Leary and Michael R. Roberts, “Do Firms Rebalance Their Capital form) Structures?” June 7, 2004, 14th Annual Utah Winter Finance Conference; Tuck Contemporary Corporate Finance Issues III Conference Paper, available on SSRN website, http://ssrn.com/abstract=571002, accessed October 2005. Bibliography Leary, Mark T., and Roberts, Michael R. “Do Firms Rebalance Their Capital Structures?” June 7, 2004, 14th Annual Utah Winter Finance Conference;Tuck Contemporary Corporate Finance Issues III Conference Paper. SSRN website. http://ssrn.com/abstract=571002, accessed September 2007. Unpublished Footnote 31 Sarah Dodd, “Transnational Differences in Entrepreneurial Networks,” paper presented at the Eighth Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France, June 1998. Bibliography Dodd, Sarah. “Transnational Differences in Entrepreneurial Networks.” Paper presented at the Eighth Global Entrepreneurship Research Conference, INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France, June 1998. 19 CITATION GUIDE >Examples of Citations – continued Conference Papers (continued) Unpublished Footnote 31 Victor G.Vogel, M.D., M.H.S., incoming national vice president of research, American Cancer Society, and professor of medicine and epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh; and Sarah F. Marshall, senior statistician, University of California, Irvine; December 12, 2008, presentation, San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, Texas. Databases For examples of how to cite information from databases, see Citations of Commercial Databases on p. 36. Downloaded Documents Footnote 31 National Venture Capital Association, “Venture Capital 101” (PDF file), downloaded from NVCA website, http://nvca.org/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=141&Itemid=133, accessed August 19, 2009. Footnote 31 Financial Management Service, U.S. Treasury, Summary Report of the 2008 Financial Report of the United States Government (“The Federal Government’s Financial Health”), Table 1: Budget Deficit vs. Net Operating Cost (p. 4), downloaded from www.fms.treas.gov/frsummary/index.html, September 30, 2009. E-Mail Footnote 32 [Sender], “[Subject],” e-mail message to [Receipient], [Date]. Note: The Chicago Manual of Style says the following about e-mail addresses in citations: “An e-mail address belonging to an individual should be omitted. Should it be needed in a specific context, it must be cited only with the permission of its owner.” 6 Films See Movies, Videos, Webcasts. 20 CITATION GUIDE > > > > >21 CITATION GUIDE Government Documents Congressional Footnote bills 7 33 Food Security Act of 1985, HR 2100, 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Record 131, no. 132, daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H 8461. 34 U.S. Congress., House, Food Security Act of 1985, HR 2100, 99th Cong., 1st sess.,Congressional Record 131, no. 132, daily ed. (October 8, 1985): H 8353-8486. Congressional Footnote hearings 35 Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Famine in Africa: Hearing before (federal), the Committee on Foreign Relations, 99th Cong., 1st sess., January 17, 1985. unpublished 8 Bibliography U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Famine in Africa: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, 99th Cong., 1st sess., January 17, 1985. Congressional Footnote hearings 36 House Committee on Banking and Currency, Bretton Woods Agreements Act: (federal), Hearings on HR 3314, 79th Cong., 1st sess., 1945, 12–14. published 9 Note: According to the Chicago Manual of Style, “[B]ills or resolutions originating in the House of Representatives are abbreviated HR or HR Res., and those originating in the Senate, S or S Res. (all in roman). The title of the bill is italicized; it is followed by the bill number, the congressional session, and (if available) publication details in the Congressional Record.”10 Report of U.S. Footnote presidential 37 Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, commission vol. 1, chap. 5 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1986), (published http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1p97.htm, accessed October 2002. online) Bibliography Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, vol. 1, chap. 5. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1986. http://history.nasa.gov/rogersrep/v1p97.htm, accessed October 2002. >Examples of Citations – continued Government Documents (continued) Testimony Footnote before 38 U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, congressional Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal committee Workforce, and the District of Columbia; GAO’s 2005 High-Risk Update, (published in testimony of The Honorable David M. Walker, Comptroller General of the online and United States, February 17, 2005, http://hsgac.senate.gov/_files/walkerhigh printed form) riskstatement21705.pdf, accessed October 2006. (Also available in print as GAO-05-350T (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2005).) For more examples of how to cite government documents, see The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. Illustrations Note: When citing a chart, illustration, or other graphical item, use the same style that is used to cite tables. See Tables. Interviews Television 11 Footnote 39 McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour, Public Broadcasting System, February 7, 1990. Bibliography Bundy, McGeorge. Interview by Robert MacNeil. MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour. Public Broadcasting System, February 7, 1990. Published Footnote or recorded 40 Thomas R. Piper, Leadership & Learning, interview by JoAnn Olson, VHS, directed by Wren Jareckie, Bennington Films, 1993. Bibliography Piper,Thomas R. Leadership & Learning. Interview by JoAnn Olson. VHS, directed by Wren Jareckie. Bennington Films, 1993. Unpublished Footnote 41 Carl Sloane, interview by author, Cambridge, MA, July 4, 1998. Bibliography Sloane, Carl. Interview by author. Cambridge, MA, July 4, 1998. 22 CITATION GUIDE > > >23 CITATION GUIDE Journals See Periodicals. Legal Cases U.S. Supreme Footnote Court 42 Old Chief v. U.S., 117 S. Ct., 644 (1997).12 Lower Footnote federal 43 Eaton v. IBM Corp., 925 F. Supp. 487 (S.D. Tex 1996).13 courts State and Footnote local courts 4 4 Bivens v. Mobley, 724 So. 2d 458, 465 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).14 For more examples of legal citations, see the following resources: The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), chap. 17. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation, 18th edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association, 2005). Association of Legal Writing Directors, ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation, 3rd. ed. (Aspen Publishers, 2005). Introduction to Basic Legal Citation, ed. Peter W. Martin (Cornell Law School, Legal Information Institute, 2007), http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/. Magazines See Periodicals. Maps Public Footnote domain 4 5 University of Texas Libraries, University of Texas at Austin, Perry Castañeda maps Library Map Collection, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/, accessed May 2007. Bibliography University of Texas Libraries. University of Texas at Austin. Perry Castañeda Library Map Collection. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/, accessed May 2007. > > > >Maps (continued) Public Footnote domain 4 5 U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Map Team, maps http://nmviewogc.cr.usgs.gov/, accessed February 2006. Bibliography U.S. Department of the Interior. U.S. Geological Survey. National Map Team. http://nmviewogc.cr.usgs.gov/, accessed February 2006. Copyrighted Source line maps 4 7 Used by permission of Graphic Maps, a d/b/a of the Woolwine-Moen Group, © 2007 Graphic Maps. All rights reserved. http://www.graphicmaps.com/ webimage/countrys/africa/africa.htm, accessed July 2007. Bibliography Graphic Maps, a d/b/a of the Woolwine-Moen Group. © 2007 Graphic Maps. All rights reserved. http://www.graphicmaps.com/ webimage/countrys/africa/ africa.htm, accessed July 2007. Note: The wording of citations for copyrighted information will vary according to each copyright holder’s requirements. Market Research Reports Footnote 48 Jim Neil et al., “Digital Marketing,” The Forrester Report 2:8 (April 1998), Forrester Research, Inc., http://www.forrester.com, accessed June 2000. Bibliography Neil, Jim, Bill Bass, Jill Aldort, and Cameron O’Connor. “Digital Marketing.” The Forrester Report 2:8 (April 1998). Forrester Research, Inc. http://www.forrester.com, accessed June 2000. Memorandums Footnote 49 Harold Lehman to Runako Gregg, memorandum regarding [subject], [date], [company], from [source of memorandum]. Bibliography Lehman, Harold, to Runako Gregg. Memorandum regarding [subject], [date], [company]. [Source of memorandum]. Examples of Citations – continued 24 CITATION GUIDE > > >Minisodes Footnote 49 “Arnold the Entrepreneur,” minisode adapted from same episode on Diff’rent Strokes (NBC, Season 7, Episode 8, originally aired November 17, 1984), available from YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEwEtVBaLMw, accessed April 15, 2009. Movies Movie Footnote 50 Jerry McGuire, directed by Cameron Crowe (Columbia/TriStar Pictures, 1996). Bibliography Jerry McGuire. Directed by Cameron Crowe. Columbia/TriStar Pictures, 1996. Movie Footnote (on DVD) 51 Jerry McGuire, directed by Cameron Crowe (Columbia/TriStar Pictures, 1996; Sony Pictures, Special Edition DVD, 2002). See also Videos; Webcasts. News Websites Signed Footnote 52 Wylie Wong, “Software giants unite for Web services,” ZDNet News, February 5, 2002, http://news.zdnet.com/2100-1009_22-830090.html, accessed December 2005. Bibliography Wong, Wylie. “Software giants unite for Web services.” ZDNet News, February 5, 2002. http://news.zdnet.com/2100-1009_22-830090.html, accessed December 2005. Unsigned Footnote 53 “Mattel: Third Recall of Toys from China,” September 5, 2007, CBS News, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/04/business/main3233138.shtml, accessed September 8, 2007. 25 CITATION GUIDE > > >News Websites (continued) Unsigned Bibliography CBS News. “Mattel: Third Recall of Toys from China.” September 5, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/04/business/main3233138.shtml, accessed September 8, 2007. Notes: In a bibliographic entry for an unsigned article, the name of the news organization (e.g., CBS News) should stand in place of the author.15 Names of news websites (e.g., Reuters, CBS News) should appear in roman (vs. italic) type. News Wires From news Footnote wire’s 53 Michael Liedtke, “LinkedIn Founder’s Road to Riches Paved with Gold website Connections,” January 20, 2008, Associated Press, http://www.ap.org, accessed May 2008. Footnote 50 “Countrywide’s Chairman Mozilo delivers John T. Dunlop Lecture,” company press release, February 4, 2003, via PR Newswire, http://www.prnewswire.com, accessed September 2004. From Footnote third-party’s 53 “Global 1000 Companies and Analysts Endorse Infosys’ ‘Next Generation’ website Consulting Practice,” Business Wire, July 14, 2005, http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_July_14/ai_n14788172, via CBS Interactive, Inc., accessed July 1, 2008. Newspapers (Printed) Signed Footnote newspaper 54 Thomas Smith, “New Debate over Business Records,” The New York Times, article December 31, 1978, sec. 3, p. 5. (in special section) Bibliography Smith, Thomas. “New Debate over Business Records.” The New York Times, December 31, 1978, sec. 3, p. 5. Examples of Citations – continued 26 CITATION GUIDE > > >Unsigned Footnote newspaper 55 “Raising Taxes on Private Equity,”The New York Times, June 26, 2007, p. E6. article Bibliography The New York Times, “Raising Taxes on Private Equity,” June 26, 2007, p. E6. Unsigned Footnote newspaper 56 Editorial, The Wall Street Journal, August 28, 1997, p. A19. editorial (without Bibliography title) The Wall Street Journal. August 28, 1997. Editorial concerning interest rates. Note: In a bibliographic entry for an unsigned newspaper article, the name of the newspaper should stand in place of the author).16 Newspapers (Online) Article Footnote from online 57 Kenneth L. Gilpin, “Stocks Soar Amid a Broad Rally on Wall Street,” newspaper The New York Times, July 29, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/29/ business/29CND-STOX.html, accessed July 2002. Bibliography Gilpin, Kenneth L. “Stocks Soar Amid a Broad Rally on Wall Street.” The New York Times, July 29, 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/29/ business/29CND-STOX.html, accessed July 2002. Notes HBS technical notes are often referred to as notes. When citing notes, follow the style that is used to cite cases. 27 CITATION GUIDE > >Examples of Citations – continued 28 CITATION GUIDE Periodicals (Printed) Signed Footnote articles 58 Paul A. Gompers, “The Rise of Venture Capital,” Business and Economic History 23 (Winter 1994): 12. Bibliography Gompers, Paul A. “The Rise of Venture Capital.” Business and Economic History 23 (Winter 1994): 1–24. Footnote 59 Steven Levy, “The Connected Company,” Newsweek, April 28, 2003, pp. 48–52. Bibliography Levy, Steven. “The Connected Company.” Newsweek, April 28, 2003, pp. 48–52. Unsigned Footnote articles 50 “Leading Ferociously,” a conversation with Daniel Goldin, Harvard Business Review 80, no. 5 (May 2002): 22–25. Bibliography “Leading Ferociously.” A conversation with Daniel Goldin. Harvard Business Review 80, no. 5 (May 2002): 22–25. Footnote 61 “Choosing the Right Nursing Home,” Family Health 10 (September 1978): 8. Bibliography “Choosing the Right Nursing Home.” Family Health 10 (September 1978): 8–10. Periodicals (Online) Article Footnote from online 62 Joseph Ntayi, “Work Ethic, Locus of Control, and Sales Force Task Performance,” journal Journal of African Business 6, nos. 1, 2 (2005): 155, ABI/INFORM via ProQuest, accessed October 2006. Bibliography Ntayi, Joseph. “Work Ethic, Locus of Control, and Sales Force Task Performance.” Journal of African Business 6, nos. 1, 2 (2005): 155. ABI/INFORM via ProQuest, accessed October 2006. > >Article Footnote from online 63 Richard Tomlinson, “The World’s Most Popular Sport Is a Mess of a Business,” magazine Fortune, May 27, 2002, http://www.fortune.com/indexw.jhtml?channel=208013, accessed June 2002. Footnote 64 Joseph Ntayi, “Work Ethic, Locus of Control, and Sales Force Task Performance,” Journal of African Business 6, nos. 1, 2 (2005): 155, ABI/INFORM via ProQuest, ccessed October 2006. Podcasts Note: In this guide, “podcast” refers to an audio file and “webcast” to a video file. Citations of podcasts and webcasts are similar to citations of websites. As the following examples show, some websites use the term “podcast” or “webcast” and others specify the file type, such as “audio” or “video.” See also Webcasts. Footnote 65 Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), “Anti-Money Laundering: Examples of Red Flags,” April 12, 2007, podcast, FINRA website, http://www.finra.org/RulesRegulation/ComplianceTools/FINRAPodcasts/ PodcastIndex/index.htm, accessed September 2007. Footnote 66 “Global Business: Food for Fuel,” Peter Day, February 27, 2007, audio file, BBC World Service, http://www.bbc.co.uk/, accessed September 2007. Footnote 67 Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, “Home Truths about the Housing Market,” September 5, 2007, audio file, Knowledge@Wharton, http://knowledge. wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=1802, accessed September 8, 2007. Note: If no author is listed for a publication issued by an organization or corporation, then the organization should be listed as the author (in bibliographic entries).17 Powerpoint Presentations See Slide Presentations. 29 CITATION GUIDE > >Press Releases Printed Footnote 68 “Sun Charts Strategy for Services to Deliver High-Value Network Computing Environments,” Sun Microsystems press release (Santa Clara, CA, December 3, 2002). Bibliography “Sun Charts Strategy for Services to Deliver High-Value Network Computing Environments.” Sun Microsystems press release. Santa Clara, CA, December 3, 2002. On the Web Footnote 69 “NASD Fines Wachovia Securities $2 Million for Fee-Based Account Violations,” NASD press release, June 21, 2007, on FINRA website, http://www.finra.org/ PressRoom/NewsReleases/2007NewsReleases/P019312, accessed September 2007. Bibliography NASD (National Association of Securities Dealers). “NASD Fines Wachovia Securities $2 Million for Fee-Based Account Violations.” NASD press release, June 21, 2007. FINRA website, http://www.finra.org/PressRoom/NewsReleases/2007 NewsReleases/P019312, accessed September 2007. Proceedings See Conference Papers. Radio Programs Footnote 70 “Indian Software Firm to Outsource to U.S.,” Adam Davidson, Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 6, 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=14204620&ft=1&f=1006, accessed September 2007. Bibliography “Indian Software Firm to Outsource to U.S.” Adam Davidson. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, September 6, 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/ story.php?storyId=14204620&ft=1&f=1006, accessed September 2007. Footnote 71 “Plans for Nuclear Waste Dump Hit a Snag,” Michele Norris, All Things Considered National Public Radio, September 5, 2007, http://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=14191377, accessed September 2007. Note: See also Podcasts. Examples of Citations – continued 30 CITATION GUIDE > > >SEC Filings Footnote 72 Amazon.com, Inc., June 30, 1997 Form 10-Q (filed August 14, 1997), via Thomson Research, accessed June 2007. 73 Alcoa Inc., March 31, 2006 Form 10-Q (filed April 26, 2006), http://www.alcoa .com/global/en/investment/pdfs/10Q1Q06_5_12.pdf, accessed July 2007. Bibliography Amazon.com, Inc. June 30, 1997 Form 10-Q. Filed August 14, 1997. Thomson Research, accessed June 2007. Alcoa Inc. March 31, 2006 Form 10-Q. Filed April 26, 2006. http://www.alcoa .com/global/en/investment/pdfs/10Q1Q06_5_12.pdf, accessed July 2007. Secondary Sources Note: It is best to consult an original source whenever possible. If the original source is unavailable, however, use the following style. (In the examples below, the Zukofsky article is the original source.) Footnote 74 Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 78.18 Bibliography 75 Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 78.19 Citation 74 Patrick J. Cusatis, James A. Miles, and J. Randall Woolridge, “Restructuring with a Through Spinoffs,” Journal of Financial Economics 33 (1993), as cited in Joel citation Greenblatt, You Can Be A Stock Market Genius (New York: Fireside, 1997), p. 57. 31 CITATION GUIDE > >32 CITATION GUIDE Slide Presentations Footnote 76 Linda K. Olsen, “Permissions and Copyright Issues for Cases,” PowerPoint presentation to Research Associates, July 24, 2002. Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. Bibliography Olsen, Linda K. “Permissions and Copyright Issues for Cases.” PowerPoint presentation to Research Associates, July 24, 2002. Harvard Business School, Boston, MA. See also Conference Papers (unpublished) on p. 19. Tables Data from Source line a table Source: Data excerpted from Michael Y. Yoshino and Thomas B. Lifson, The Invisible Link (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986), p. 78, Table 4.3. Bibliography Yoshino, Michael Y. and Thomas B. Lifson. The Invisible Link. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986. Data from Source line text (for Source: Data from Richard S.Tedlow, New and Improved (New York: Basic Books, a table) 1996), p. 157. Bibliography Tedlow, Richard S. New and Improved. New York: Basic Books, 1996. Entire table Source line (or other Source: Michael E. Porter, Competitive Strategy (New York: The Free Press, 1998) graphical p. 73, Figure 3-4. Used with permission from The Free Press. item) Bibliography Porter, Michael E. Competitive Strategy. New York: The Free Press, 1998. Chap. 3, Figure 3-4. Examples of Citations – continued > >Technical Notes HBS technical notes are often referred to as notes. When citing notes, follow the style that is used for cases. Television Programs Footnote 77 PBS, Frontline, “Blackout: Interview with Ken Lay,” March 27, 2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/blackout/interviews/lay.html, accessed August 2004. Bibliography PBS, Frontline. “Blackout: Interview with Ken Lay.” March 27, 2001. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/blackout/interviews/ lay.html, accessed August 2004. Theses and Dissertations Footnote 20 78 Andrew J. King, “Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Pre-history of Modern Zoning” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1976), pp. 32–37. Bibliography King, Andrew J. “Law and Land Use in Chicago: A Pre-history of Modern Zoning.” Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1976. Unpublished Papers Footnote 78 Robin Greenwood, “Price pressure in corporate spinoffs” (paper, Harvard Business School, October 9, 2006), http://people.hbs.edu/rgreenwood/spinoffs6.pdf, accessed April 7, 2009. 33 CITATION GUIDE > > >Videos Commercial Footnote video 79 National Treasure, dir. Jon Turtletaub (Touchstone Pictures, Jerry Bruckheimer Films, 2004;VHS, Buena Vista Home Video, 2005). Footnote 80 Forrest Gump, dir. Robert Zemeckis (Paramount Pictures, 1994; DVD, Paramount, 2001). Webcasts Note: In this guide, “podcast” refers to an audio file and “webcast” to a video file. Citations of podcasts and webcasts are similar to citations of websites. As the following examples show, some websites use the term “podcast” or “webcast” and others specify the file type, such as “audio” or “video.” Footnote 81 John Mackey and Michael Pollan, “The Past, Present, and Future of Food,” speech given on February 27, 2007, at the University of California School of Journalism, http://webcast.berkeley.edu/event_details.php?webcastid=19147&p=1&ipp=15&cat, accessed March 2007. Bibliography Mackey, John, and Michael Pollan. “The Past, Present, and Future of Food.” Speech given February 27, 2007, at University of California School of Journalism. http://webcast.berkeley.edu/event_details.php?webcastid=19147&p=1&ipp= 15&cat, accessed March 2007. Footnote 82 MaggieTaggart, “Tax deal boosts film business,” April 12, 2007, video file, BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/, accessed September 6, 2007. Footnote “Romania’s Economic Journey,” Nigel Cassidy, September 26, 2006, video file, BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/, accessed September 2007. See also Videos. Examples of Citations – continued 34 CITATION GUIDEWebsites Company Footnote website 83 Walt Disney Company, “Disney’s Investors Relations —FAQs,” Walt Disney Company website, http://disney.go.com/corporate/investors/shareholder/faq.html, accessed June 1999. Bibliography Walt Disney Company. “Disney’s Investors Relations —FAQs.” Walt Disney Company website. http://disney.go.com/corporate/investors/shareholder/ faq.html, accessed June 1999. Personal Footnote website 84 Nathan Shedroff, http://www.nathan.com/, accessed August 2007. Bibliography Shedroff, Nathan. http://www.nathan.com, accessed August 2007. See also Blogs; Podcasts; Webcasts. Working Papers (Printed) Printed Footnote 85 Ashish Nanda, “Implementing Organizational Change,” HBS Working Paper No. 96 -034, 1996, p. 4. Bibliography Nanda, Ashish. “Implementing Organizational Change.” HBS Working Paper No. 96-034, 1996. Note: The copyright holder for academic working papers is typically the author. Working Papers (Online) On the Web Footnote 86 Josh Lerner, “150 Years of Patent Protection,” HBS Working Paper No. 00-040, 1999, http://www.hbs.edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/ abstracts/9900/00-040.html, accessed May 2001. Bibliography Lerner, Josh. “150 Years of Patent Protection,” HBS Working Paper No. 00-040, 1999. http://www.hbs.edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/ abstracts/9900/00-040.html, accessed May 2001. 35 CITATION GUIDEThis section shows how to cite information from commercial databases. A few notes about the examples: • Brackets [...] indicate variables to be supplied by the writer. For example, [Description of information] should be replaced by information such as the author’s name, title of work, date, publisher, and any other details that would help readers find the information. • The following citations refer to information owned by database vendors as well as other information providers.When you cite information from databases, remember to mention both the copyright holder/owner of the information and the entity that made the information available. In addition, if you want to distribute the information outside the classroom, you should contact the copyright holder, which may be different from the information provider. Be sure to check the copyright holder’s requirements before distributing any of their information outside the classroom. • URLs are optional in database citations. If you include a URL, use only the briefest form which points to the main page of the database. • The following examples cover some of the most frequently used databases at Baker Library. To cite other databases, try to adapt these examples, or contact rreiser@hbs.edu. ABI /INFORM Generic Example Source: [Description of information — e.g., author, title, publisher, date, etc.], ABI/INFORM via ProQuest, accessed [month/year]. Specific Example Source: “Gold mine finds enough to dig itself out of hole,” Sacramento Business Journal, July 30, 2009, ABI/INFORM via ProQuest, accessed September 2009. Bloomberg Information Owned by Bloomberg Source: Bloomberg LP, accessed [month/year]. Other Information Source: [Description of information], via Bloomberg LP, accessed [month/year]. Citations of Commercial Databases 36 CITATION GUIDEBusiness Source Complete Source: [Description of information], Business Source Complete, via EBSCO. Capital IQ (see Standard & Poor’s) Compustat (see Standard & Poor’s) Datastream Information Owned by Datastream Source: Thomson Reuters Datastream, accessed [month/year]. Other Information Source: [Description of information], via Thomson Reuters Datastream, accessed [month/year]. Deal Pipeline (The) Source: [Description of information], The Deal Pipeline, accessed [month/year]. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Source: Economist Intelligence Unit, [Description of information —e.g., EIU Country Data or EIU Country Report, author, title, date, etc.], www.eiu.com, accessed [month/year]. eMarketer Source: [Description of information], eMarketer, accessed [month/year]. Euromonitor (see Global Market Information Database) Factiva Source: [Description of information], via Factiva, accessed [month/year]. First Research Source: [Description of information], via First Research, accessed [month/year]. 37 CITATION GUIDEForrester Source: [Description of information —e.g., author, title, volume no., date, etc.], Forrester Research, Inc., accessed [month/year]. Frost & Sullivan Source: [Description of information], Frost & Sullivan, accessed [month/year]. Gartner Text: Source: [Description of information], Gartner, Inc., accessed [month/year]. Graphics: Source: [Source line under graphic], as published in [description of info.], Gartner, Inc., accessed [month/year]. Global Financial Data Source: [Description of information], Global Financial Data, Inc., accessed [month/year]. Global Market Information Database (GMID) Source: [Description of information], Euromonitor International, www.euromonitor.com, accessed [month/year]. Hoover’s Information Owned by Hoover’s Source: [Description of information], Hoover’s, Inc., www.hoovers.com, accessed [month/year]. Other Information Source: [Description of information], via Hoover’s, Inc., www.hoovers.com, accessed [month/year]. I/B/E/S Source: I/B/E/S, a Thomson Reuters product, accessed [month/year]. Citations of Commercial Databases – continued 38 CITATION GUIDEISI Emerging Markets Information Owned by ISI Source: [Description of information], ISI Emerging Markets, accessed [month/year]. Other Information Source: [Description of information], via ISI Emerging Markets, accessed [month/year]. JSTOR Source: [Description of information], via JSTOR, accessed [month/year]. LexisNexis Source: [Description of information], via LexisNexis, accessed [month/year]. MarketResearch.com Academic Source: [Description of information], via MarketResearch.com, accessed [month/year]. Mintel Source: [Description of information], Mintel, accessed [month/year]. OneSource Information Owned by OneSource Source: [Description of information], OneSource Information Services, Inc., accessed [month/year]. Other Information Source: [Description of information], via OneSource Information Services, Inc., accessed [month/year]. SDC (Securities Data Company) Source: [Description of information], SDC Platinum, a Thomson Reuters product, accessed [month/year]. SourceOECD Source: [Description of information], SourceOECD, www.sourceoecd.org, accessed [month/year]. 39 CITATION GUIDEStandard & Poor’s (S&P) Capital IQ Source: [Description of information], Capital IQ, Inc., a division of Standard & Poor’s. Compustat Data via Research Insight Source: Standard & Poor’s Compustat data via Research Insight, accessed [month/year]. Emerging Markets Database (EMDB) Source: Standard & Poor’s Emerging Markets Database (EMDB), accessed [month/year]. Execucomp Source: Standard & Poor’s Execucomp data, accessed [month/year]. NetAdvantage Source: Standard & Poor’s NetAdvantage, accessed [month/year]. RatingsDirect Source: Standard & Poor’s RatingsDirect, accessed [month/year]. Thomson ONE Banker Source: [Description of information], Thomson ONE Banker, accessed [month/year]. World Development Indicators (WDI Online) Source: World Development Indicators, The World Bank Group accessed [month/year]. 40 CITATION GUIDE Citations of Commercial Databases – continued41 CITATION GUIDE Endnotes 1 Gordon Harvey, “The Role of Sources,” in Writing with Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students, second edition (Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2008), p. 14, http://isites. harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic273248.files/WritingSourcesHarvard.pdf, accessed October 2008. 2 The Chicago Manual of Style., 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), section 16.42. 3 Ibid., section 17.216. 4 Ibid., section 17.213. 5 The Chicago Manual of Style FAQ, section about “Documentation” (University of Chicago, June 20, 2002), http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq, accessed August 2002. 6 The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., section 17.208. 7 Ibid., section 17.309. 8 Ibid., section 17.307. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., section 17.309. 11 The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), section 15.264. 12 The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., section 17.284. 13 Ibid., section 17.285. 14 Ibid., section 17.286. 15 Ibid., section 17.47. 16 Ibid., section 17.192. 17 Ibid., section 17.47. 18 Ibid., section 17.274. 19 Ibid. 20 The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., section 15.271.Bibliography The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. The Chicago Manual of Style Online. 15th ed. University of Chicago. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html, accessed October 2008. Columbia University Press, “Preparing the Bibliographic Material,” excerpt fromThe Columbia Guide to Online Style, 2nd. ed., by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006), http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/cgos2006/basic.html, accessed September 2007. Harnock, Andrew, and Eugene Kleppinger. “Using Chicago Style to Cite and Document Sources.” Online! A reference guide to using Internet sources. Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html, accessed August 2002. Harvey, Gordon. Writing with Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students. Second edition. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 2008. http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic273248.files/WritingSourcesHarvard.pdf, accessed October 2008. Martin, Paul R. The Wall Street Journal Guide to Business Style and Usage. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002. Princeton University. Academic Integrity at Princeton. http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/ integrity/, accessed October 2009. 42 CITATION GUIDE