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Key-Value Observing
Programming GuideContents
Introduction to Key-Value Observing Programming Guide 4
At a Glance 4
Registering for Key-Value Observing 7
Registering as an Observer 7
Receiving Notification of a Change 8
Removing an Object as an Observer 10
KVO Compliance 11
Automatic Change Notification 11
Manual Change Notification 12
Registering Dependent Keys 15
To-one Relationships 15
To-many Relationships 16
Key-Value Observing Implementation Details 19
Document Revision History 20
2012-07-17 | © 2003, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
2Listings
Registering for Key-Value Observing 7
Listing 1 Registering the inspector as an observer of the openingBalance property 7
Listing 2 Implementation of observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context: 9
Listing 3 Removing the inspector as an observer of openingBalance 10
KVO Compliance 11
Listing 1 Examples of method calls that cause KVO change notifications to be emitted 11
Listing 2 Example implementation of automaticallyNotifiesObserversForKey: 12
Listing 3 Example accessor method implementing manual notification 13
Listing 4 Testing the value for change before providing notification 13
Listing 5 Nesting change notifications for multiple keys 13
Listing 6 Implementation of manual observer notification in a to-many relationship 14
Registering Dependent Keys 15
Listing 1 Example implementation of keyPathsForValuesAffectingValueForKey: 15
Listing 2 Example implementation of the keyPathsForValuesAffecting
elements.
If your breaks are specifically intended as line breaks and not paragraph breaks, then you should typically use
NSLineSeparatorCharacter. Otherwise, you may use \n, \r, or \r\n depending on what other software
is likely to process your text. The default choice for Cocoa is usually \n.
Separating a String “by Paragraph”
A common approach to separating a string “by paragraph” is simply to use:
NSArray *arr = [myString componentsSeparatedByString:@"\n"];
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
28
Paragraphs and Line BreaksThis, however, ignores the fact that there are a number of other ways in which a paragraph or line break may
be represented in a string—\r, \r\n, or Unicode separators. Instead you can use methods—such as
lineRangeForRange: or getParagraphStart:end:contentsEnd:forRange:—that take into account
the variety of possible line terminations, as illustrated in the following example.
NSString *string = /* assume this exists */;
unsigned length = [string length];
unsigned paraStart = 0, paraEnd = 0, contentsEnd = 0;
NSMutableArray *array = [NSMutableArray array];
NSRange currentRange;
while (paraEnd < length) {
[string getParagraphStart:¶Start end:¶End
contentsEnd:&contentsEnd forRange:NSMakeRange(paraEnd, 0)];
currentRange = NSMakeRange(paraStart, contentsEnd - paraStart);
[array addObject:[string substringWithRange:currentRange]];
}
Paragraphs and Line Breaks
Separating a String “by Paragraph”
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
29It's common to think of a string as a sequence of characters, but when working with NSString objects, or
with Unicode strings in general, in most cases it is better to deal with substrings rather than with individual
characters. The reason for this is that what the user perceives as a character in text may in many cases be
represented by multiple characters in the string. NSString has a large inventory of methods for properly
handling Unicode strings, which in general make Unicode compliance easy, but there are a few precautions
you should observe.
NSString objects are conceptually UTF-16 with platform endianness. That doesn't necessarily imply anything
about their internalstorage mechanism; what it meansisthat NSString lengths, character indexes, and ranges
are expressed in terms of UTF-16 units, and that the term “character” in NSString method names refers to
16-bit platform-endian UTF-16 units. This is a common convention for string objects. In most cases, clients
don't need to be overly concerned with this; aslong as you are dealing with substrings, the precise interpretation
of the range indexes is not necessarily significant.
The vast majority of Unicode code points used for writing living languages are represented by single UTF-16
units. However, some less common Unicode code points are represented in UTF-16 by surrogate pairs. A
surrogate pair is a sequence of two UTF-16 units, taken from specific reserved ranges, that together represent
a single Unicode code point. CFString has functions for converting between surrogate pairs and the UTF-32
representation of the corresponding Unicode code point. When dealing with NSString objects, one constraint
is that substring boundaries usually should not separate the two halves of a surrogate pair. This is generally
automatic for rangesreturned from most Cocoa methods, but if you are constructing substring ranges yourself
you should keep this in mind. However, this is not the only constraint you should consider.
In many writing systems, a single character may be composed of a base letter plus an accent or other decoration.
The number of possible letters and accents precludes Unicode from representing each combination as a single
code point, so in general such combinations are represented by a base character followed by one or more
combining marks. For compatibility reasons, Unicode does have single code points for a number of the most
common combinations; these are referred to as precomposed forms, and Unicode normalization transformations
can be used to convert between precomposed and decomposed representations. However, even if a string is
fully precomposed, there are still many combinations that must be represented using a base character and
combining marks. For most text processing, substring ranges should be arranged so that their boundaries do
not separate a base character from its associated combining marks.
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
30
Characters and Grapheme ClustersIn addition, there are writing systems in which characters represent a combination of parts that are more
complicated than accent marks. In Korean, for example, a single Hangul syllable can be composed of two or
three subparts known as jamo. In the Indic and Indic-influenced writing systems common throughout South
and Southeast Asia, single written characters often represent combinations of consonants, vowels, and marks
such as viramas, and the Unicode representations of these writing systems often use code points for these
individual parts,so that a single character may be composed of multiple code points. For most text processing,
substring ranges should also be arranged so that their boundaries do not separate the jamo in a single Hangul
syllable, or the components of an Indic consonant cluster.
In general, these combinations—surrogate pairs, base characters plus combining marks, Hangul jamo, and
Indic consonant clusters—are referred to as grapheme clusters. In order to take them into account, you can
use NSString’s rangeOfComposedCharacterSequencesForRange: or
rangeOfComposedCharacterSequenceAtIndex: methods, or
CFStringGetRangeOfComposedCharactersAtIndex. These can be used to adjuststring indexes orsubstring
ranges so that they fall on grapheme cluster boundaries, taking into account all of the constraints mentioned
above. These methods should be the default choice for programmatically determining the boundaries of
user-perceived characters.:
In some cases, Unicode algorithms deal with multiple charactersin waysthat go beyond even grapheme cluster
boundaries. Unicode casing algorithms may convert a single character into multiple characters when going
from lowercase to uppercase; for example, the standard uppercase equivalent of the German character “ß” is
the two-letter sequence “SS”. Localized collation algorithms in many languages consider multiple-character
sequences as single units; for example, the sequence “ch” is treated as a single letter for sorting purposes in
some European languages. In order to deal properly with cases like these, it is important to use standard
NSString methods for such operations as casing, sorting, and searching, and to use them on the entire string
to which they are to apply. Use NSString methods such as lowercaseString, uppercaseString,
capitalizedString, compare: and its variants, rangeOfString: and its variants, and
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: and its variants, or their CFString equivalents. These all take into account the
complexities of Unicode string processing, and the searching and sorting methods in particular have many
options to control the types of equivalences they are to recognize.
In some less common cases, it may be necessary to tailor the definition of grapheme clusters to a particular
need. The issues involved in determining and tailoring grapheme cluster boundaries are covered in detail in
Unicode Standard Annex #29, which gives a number of examples and some algorithms. The Unicode standard
in general is the best source for information about Unicode algorithms and the considerations involved in
processing Unicode strings.
If you are interested in grapheme cluster boundaries from the point of view of cursor movement and insertion
point positioning, and you are using the Cocoa text system, you should know that on OS X v10.5 and later,
NSLayoutManager has API support for determining insertion point positions within a line of text as it is laid
Characters and Grapheme Clusters
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
31out. Note that insertion point boundaries are not identical to glyph boundaries; a ligature glyph in some cases,
such as an “fi” ligature in Latin script, may require an internal insertion point on a user-perceived character
boundary. See Cocoa Text Architecture Guide for more information.
Characters and Grapheme Clusters
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
32An NSCharacterSet object represents a set of Unicode characters. NSString and NSScanner objects use
NSCharacterSet objects to group characters together for searching operations, so that they can find any of
a particular set of characters during a search.
Character Set Basics
A character set object represents a set of Unicode characters. Character sets are represented by instances of a
class cluster. The cluster’s two public classes, NSCharacterSet and NSMutableCharacterSet, declare the
programmatic interface for immutable and mutable character sets, respectively. An immutable character set is
defined when it is created and subsequently cannot be changed. A mutable character set can be changed
after it’s created.
A character set object doesn’t perform any tasks; it simply holds a set of character values to limit operations
on strings. The NSString and NSScanner classes define methods that take NSCharacterSet objects as
argumentsto find any ofseveral characters. For example, this code excerpt findsthe range of the first uppercase
letter in myString:.
NSString *myString = @"some text in an NSString...";
NSCharacterSet *characterSet = [NSCharacterSet uppercaseLetterCharacterSet];
NSRange letterRange = [myString rangeOfCharacterFromSet:characterSet];
After this fragment executes, letterRange.location is equal to the index of the first “N” in “NSString” after
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: isinvoked. If the first letter of the string were “S”, then letterRange.location
would be 0.
Creating Character Sets
NSCharacterSet defines class methodsthat return commonly used charactersets,such asletters(uppercase
or lowercase), decimal digits, whitespace, and so on. These “standard” character sets are always immutable,
even if created by sending a message to NSMutableCharacterSet. See “Standard Character Sets and Unicode
Definitions” (page 35) for more information on standard character sets.
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
33
Character SetsYou can use a standard character set as a starting point for building a custom set by making a mutable copy
of it and changing that. (You can also start from scratch by creating a mutable character set with alloc and
init and adding characters to it.) For example, this fragment creates a character set containing letters, digits,
and basic punctuation:
NSMutableCharacterSet *workingSet = [[NSCharacterSet alphanumericCharacterSet]
mutableCopy];
[workingSet addCharactersInString:@";:,."];
NSCharacterSet *finalCharacterSet = [workingSet copy];
To define a custom character set using Unicode code points, use code similar to the following fragment (which
creates a character set including the form feed and line separator characters):
UniChar chars[] = {0x000C, 0x2028};
NSString *string = [[NSString alloc] initWithCharacters:chars
length:sizeof(chars) / sizeof(UniChar)];
NSCharacterSet *characterSet = [NSCharacterSet
characterSetWithCharactersInString:string];
Performance considerations
Because character sets often participate in performance-critical code, you should be aware of the aspects of
their use that can affect the performance of your application. Mutable character sets are generally much more
expensive than immutable character sets. They consume more memory and are costly to invert (an operation
often performed in scanning a string). Because of this, you should follow these guidelines:
● Create as few mutable character sets as possible.
● Cache character sets (in a global dictionary, perhaps) instead of continually recreating them.
● When creating a custom set that doesn’t need to change after creation, make an immutable copy of the
final character set for actual use, and dispose of the working mutable character set. Alternatively, create
a character set file as described in “Creating a character set file” (page 35) and store it in your application’s
main bundle.
● Similarly, avoid archiving characterset objects;store them in characterset filesinstead. Archiving can result
in a character set being duplicated in different archive files, resulting in wasted disk space and duplicates
in memory for each separate archive read.
Character Sets
Performance considerations
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
34Creating a character set file
If your application frequently uses a custom character set, you should save its definition in a resource file and
load that instead of explicitly adding individual characters each time you need to create the set. You can save
a character set by getting its bitmap representation (an NSData object) and saving that object to a file:
NSData *charSetRep = [finalCharacterSet bitmapRepresentation];
NSURL *dataURL = <#URL for character set#>;
NSError *error;
BOOL result = [charSetRep writeToURL:dataURL options:NSDataWritingAtomic
error:&error];
By convention, characterset filenames use the extension .bitmap. If you intend for othersto use your character
set files, you should follow this convention. To read a character set file with a .bitmap extension, simply use
the characterSetWithContentsOfFile: method.
Standard Character Sets and Unicode Definitions
The standard character sets, such as that returned by letterCharacterSet, are formally defined in terms
of the normative and informative categories established by the Unicode standard, such as Uppercase Letter,
Combining Mark, and so on. The formal definition of a standard character set is in most cases given as one or
more of the categories defined in the standard. For example, the set returned by
lowercaseLetterCharacterSet include all characters in normative category Lowercase Letters, while the
set returned by letterCharacterSet includes the characters in all of the Letter categories.
Note that the definitions of the categoriesthemselves may change with new versions of the Unicode standard.
You can download the files that define category membership from http://www.unicode.org/.
Character Sets
Creating a character set file
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
35An NSScanner object scans the characters of an NSString object, typically interpreting the characters and
converting them into number and string values. You assign the scanner’s string on creation, and the scanner
progresses through the characters of that string from beginning to end as you request items.
Creating a Scanner
NSScanner is a class cluster with a single public class, NSScanner. Generally, you instantiate a scanner object
by invoking the class method scannerWithString: or localizedScannerWithString:. Either method
returns a scanner object initialized with the string you pass to it. The newly created scanner starts at the
beginning of its string. You scan components using the scan... methods such as scanInt:, scanDouble:,
and scanString:intoString:. If you are scanning multiple lines, you typically create a while loop that
continues until the scanner is at the end of the string, as illustrated in the following code fragment:
float aFloat;
NSScanner *theScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:aString];
while ([theScanner isAtEnd] == NO) {
[theScanner scanFloat:&aFloat];
// implementation continues...
}
You can configure a scanner to consider or ignore case using the setCaseSensitive: method. By default
a scanner ignores case.
Using a Scanner
Scan operationsstart at the scan location and advance the scanner to just past the last character in the scanned
value representation (if any). For example, after scanning an integer from the string “137 small cases of
bananas”, a scanner’s location will be 3, indicating the space immediately after the number. Often you need
to advance the scan location to skip characters in which you are not interested. You can change the implicit
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
36
Scannersscan location with the setScanLocation: method to skip ahead a certain number of characters (you can
also use the method to rescan a portion of the string after an error). Typically, however, you either want to
skip characters from a particular character set, scan past a specific string, or scan up to a specific string.
You can configure a scanner to skip a set of characters with the setCharactersToBeSkipped: method. A
scanner ignores characters to be skipped at the beginning of any scan operation. Once it finds a scannable
character, however, it includes all characters matching the request. Scanners skip whitespace and newline
characters by default. Note that case is always considered with regard to characters to be skipped. To skip all
English vowels, for example, you must set the characters to be skipped to those in the string “AEIOUaeiou”.
If you want to read content from the current location up to a particular string, you can use
scanUpToString:intoString: (you can pass NULL as the second argument if you simply want to skip the
intervening characters). For example, given the following string:
137 small cases of bananas
you can find the type of container and number of containers using scanUpToString:intoString: asshown
in the following example.
NSString *bananas = @"137 small cases of bananas";
NSString *separatorString = @" of";
NSScanner *aScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:bananas];
NSInteger anInteger;
[aScanner scanInteger:&anInteger];
NSString *container;
[aScanner scanUpToString:separatorString intoString:&container];
It is important to note that the search string (separatorString) is " of". By default a scanner ignores
whitespace, so the space character after the integer is ignored. Once the scanner begins to accumulate
characters, however, all characters are added to the output string until the search string is reached. Thus if the
search string is "of" (no space before), the first value of container is “small cases ” (includes the space
following); if the search string is " of" (with a space before), the first value of container is “small cases” (no
space following).
Scanners
Using a Scanner
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
37After scanning up to a given string, the scan location is the beginning of that string. If you want to scan past
thatstring, you must therefore firstscan in the string you scanned up to. The following code fragment illustrates
how to skip past the search string in the previous example and determine the type of product in the container.
Note the use of substringFromIndex: to in effect scan up to the end of a string.
[aScanner scanString:separatorString intoString:NULL];
NSString *product;
product = [[aScanner string] substringFromIndex:[aScanner scanLocation]];
// could also use:
// product = [bananas substringFromIndex:[aScanner scanLocation]];
Example
Suppose you have a string containing lines such as:
Product: Acme Potato Peeler; Cost: 0.98 73
Product: Chef Pierre Pasta Fork; Cost: 0.75 19
Product: Chef Pierre Colander; Cost: 1.27 2
The following example uses alternating scan operationsto extract the product names and costs(costs are read
as a float forsimplicity’ssake),skipping the expected substrings“Product:” and “Cost:”, as well asthe semicolon.
Note that because a scanner skips whitespace and newlines by default, the loop does no special processing
for them (in particular there is no need to do additional whitespace processing to retrieve the final integer).
NSString *string = @"Product: Acme Potato Peeler; Cost: 0.98 73\n\
Product: Chef Pierre Pasta Fork; Cost: 0.75 19\n\
Product: Chef Pierre Colander; Cost: 1.27 2\n";
NSCharacterSet *semicolonSet;
NSScanner *theScanner;
NSString *PRODUCT = @"Product:";
NSString *COST = @"Cost:";
NSString *productName;
float productCost;
Scanners
Example
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
38NSInteger productSold;
semicolonSet = [NSCharacterSet characterSetWithCharactersInString:@";"];
theScanner = [NSScanner scannerWithString:string];
while ([theScanner isAtEnd] == NO)
{
if ([theScanner scanString:PRODUCT intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanUpToCharactersFromSet:semicolonSet
intoString:&productName] &&
[theScanner scanString:@";" intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanString:COST intoString:NULL] &&
[theScanner scanFloat:&productCost] &&
[theScanner scanInteger:&productSold])
{
NSLog(@"Sales of %@: $%1.2f", productName, productCost * productSold);
}
}
Localization
A scanner bases some of its scanning behavior on a locale, which specifies a language and conventions for
value representations. NSScanner uses only the locale’s definition for the decimal separator (given by the key
named NSDecimalSeparator). You can create a scanner with the user’s locale by using
localizedScannerWithString:, or set the locale explicitly using setLocale:. If you use a method that
doesn’t specify a locale, the scanner assumes the default locale values.
Scanners
Localization
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
39NSString provides a rich set of methodsfor manipulating strings asfile-system paths. You can extract a path’s
directory, filename, and extension, expand a tilde expression (such as “~me”) or create one for the user’s home
directory, and clean up paths containing symbolic links, redundant slashes, and references to “.” (current
directory) and “..” (parent directory).
Note: Where possible, you should use instances of NSURL to represent paths—the operating system
deals with URLs more efficiently than with string representations of paths.
Representing a Path
NSString represents paths generically with ‘/’ asthe path separator and ‘.’ asthe extension separator. Methods
that accept strings as path arguments convert these generic representations to the proper system-specific
form as needed. On systems with an implicit root directory, absolute paths begin with a path separator or with
a tilde expression (“~/...” or “~user/...”). Where a device must be specified, you can do that
yourself—introducing a system dependency—or allow the string object to add a default device.
You can create a standardized representation of a path using stringByStandardizingPath. This performs
a number of tasks including:
● Expansion of an initial tilde expression;
● Reduction of empty components and references to the current directory (“//” and “/./”) to single path
separators;
●
In absolute paths, resolution of references to the parent directory (“..”) to the real parent directory;
for example:
NSString *path = @"/usr/bin/./grep";
NSString *standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/bin/grep
path = @"~me";
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
40
String Representations of File PathsstandardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath (assuming conventional naming scheme): /Users/Me
path = @"/usr/include/objc/..";
standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/include
path = @"/private/usr/include";
standardizedPath = [path stringByStandardizingPath];
// standardizedPath: /usr/include
User Directories
The following examples illustrate how you can use NSString’s path utilities and other Cocoa functions to get
the user directories.
// Assuming that users’ home directories are stored in /Users
NSString *meHome = [@"~me" stringByExpandingTildeInPath];
// meHome = @"/Users/me"
NSString *mePublic = [@"~me/Public" stringByExpandingTildeInPath];
// mePublic = @"/Users/me/Public"
You can find the home directory for the current user and for a given user with NSHomeDirectory and
NSHomeDirectoryForUser respectively:
NSString *currentUserHomeDirectory = NSHomeDirectory();
NSString *meHomeDirectory = NSHomeDirectoryForUser(@"me");
Note that you should typically use the function NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains to locate standard
directories for the current user. For example, instead of:
NSString *documentsDirectory =
[NSHomeDirectory() stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Documents"];
String Representations of File Paths
User Directories
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
41you should use:
NSString *documentsDirectory;
NSArray *paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory,
NSUserDomainMask, YES);
if ([paths count] > 0) {
documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0];
}
Path Components
NSString provides a rich set of methods for manipulating strings as file-system paths, for example:
Interprets the receiver as a path and returns the
receiver’s extension, if any.
pathExtension
Returns a new string made by deleting the
extension (if any, and only the last) from the
receiver.
stringByDeletingPathExtension
Returns a new string made by deleting the last
path component from the receiver, along with any
final path separator.
stringByDeletingLastPathComponent
Using these and related methods described in NSString Class Reference , you can extract a path’s directory,
filename, and extension, as illustrated by the following examples.
NSString *documentPath = @"~me/Public/Demo/readme.txt";
NSString *documentDirectory = [documentPath stringByDeletingLastPathComponent];
// documentDirectory = @"~me/Public/Demo"
NSString *documentFilename = [documentPath lastPathComponent];
// documentFilename = @"readme.txt"
NSString *documentExtension = [documentPath pathExtension];
// documentExtension = @"txt"
String Representations of File Paths
Path Components
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
42File Name Completion
You can find possible expansions of file names using
completePathIntoString:caseSensitive:matchesIntoArray:filterTypes:. For example, given
a directory ~/Demo that contains the following files:
ReadMe.txt readme.html readme.rtf recondite.txt test.txt
you can find all possible completions for the path ~/Demo/r as follows:
NSString *partialPath = @"~/Demo/r";
NSString *longestCompletion;
NSArray *outputArray;
unsigned allMatches = [partialPath completePathIntoString:&longestCompletion
caseSensitive:NO
matchesIntoArray:&outputArray
filterTypes:NULL];
// allMatches = 3
// longestCompletion = @"~/Demo/re"
// outputArray = (@"~/Demo/readme.html", "~/Demo/readme.rtf", "~/Demo/recondite.txt")
You can find possible completions for the path ~/Demo/r that have an extension “.txt” or “.rtf” as follows:
NSArray *filterTypes = @[@"txt", @"rtf"];
unsigned textMatches = [partialPath completePathIntoString:&outputName
caseSensitive:NO
matchesIntoArray:&outputArray
filterTypes:filterTypes];
// allMatches = 2
// longestCompletion = @"~/Demo/re"
// outputArray = (@"~/Demo/readme.rtf", @"~/Demo/recondite.txt")
String Representations of File Paths
File Name Completion
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
43You can draw string objects directly in a focused NSView using methods such as
drawAtPoint:withAttributes: (to draw a string with multiple attributes, such as multiple text fonts, you
must use an NSAttributedString object). These methods are described briefly in “Text” in Cocoa Drawing
Guide .
The simple methods, however, are designed for drawing small amounts of text or text that is only drawn
rarely—they create and dispose of various supporting objects every time you call them. To draw strings
repeatedly, it is more efficient to use NSLayoutManager, as described in “Drawing Strings”. For an overview of
the Cocoa text system, of which NSLayoutManager is a part, see Cocoa Text Architecture Guide .
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
44
Drawing StringsThis table describes the changes to String Programming Guide .
Date Notes
2012-07-17 Updated code snippets to adopt new Objective-C features.
Corrected string constant character set to UTF-8. Added guidance about
using localizedStandardCompare: for Finder-like sorting. Added caveat
to avoid using %s with RTL languages. Revised "String Format Specifiers"
article.
2012-06-11
2009-10-15 Added links to Cocoa Core Competencies.
Added new aricle on character clusters; updated list of string format
specifiers.
2008-10-15
2007-10-18 Corrected minor typographical errors.
Added notes regarding NSInteger and NSUInteger to "String Format
Specifiers".
2007-07-10
2007-03-06 Corrected minor typographical errors.
2007-02-08 Corrected sentence fragments and improved the example in "Scanners."
2006-12-05 Added code samples to illustrate searching and path manipulation.
2006-11-07 Made minor revisions to "Scanners" article.
2006-10-03 Added links to path manipulation methods.
2006-06-28 Corrected typographical errors.
Added a new article, "Reading Strings From and Writing Strings To Files
and URLs"; significantly updated "Creating and Converting Strings."
2006-05-23
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
45
Document Revision HistoryDate Notes
Included “Creating a Character Set” into “Character Sets” (page 33).
Changed title from "Strings" to conform to reference consistency
guidelines.
2006-01-10
Added “Formatting String Objects” (page 13) article. Added Data
Formatting and the Core Foundation Strings programming topics to the
introduction.
2004-06-28
Added information about custom Unicode character sets and retrieved
missing code fragments in “Creating a Character Set”. Added information
and cross-reference to “Drawing Strings” (page 44). Rewrote introduction
and added an index.
2004-02-06
Added NSNumericSearch description to “Searching, Comparing, and
Sorting Strings” (page 22).
2003-09-09
2003-03-17 Reinstated the sample code that was missing from “Scanners” (page 36).
Updated “Creating and Converting String Objects” (page 8) to
recommend the use of UTF8 encoding, and noted the pending deprecation
of the cString... methods.
2003-01-17
2002-11-12 Revision history was added to existing topic.
Document Revision History
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
46A
alloc method 34
archiving
character set objects 34
ASCII character encoding
converting string object contents 8
availableStringEncodings method 8
C
C strings
Cocoa string objects and 7
creating and converting 11
character encodings
string manipulation and 8
character sets
custom 34
example code 34
guidelines for use 34
mutable and immutable 33
saving to a file 35
standard 33, 35
characterAtIndex: method 7
characterSetWithContentsOfFile: method 35
compare: method 22
compare:options: method 22, 24
compare:options:range: method 22
comparing strings 22–23
comparison methods for strings 22
componentsSeparatedByString: method 11
current directories
resolving references to 40
D
dataUsingEncoding: method 11, 12
defaultCStringEncoding method 8
description method 13
descriptionWithLocale: method 13
directories
manipulating strings as paths 40, 42
E
encodings, character
string manipulation and 8
EUC character encoding 8
F
file-system paths and strings 42
format strings 13
G
getCharacters:length: method 12
I
init method
for mutable character sets 34
initWithData:encoding: method 8, 11, 12
initWithFormat: method 10
initWithFormat:locale: method 12
ISO Latin 1 character encoding 8
L
length method
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
47
Indexfor string objects 7
letterCharacterSet method 35
localization
scanning strings and 39
value formatting and 13
localizedScannerWithString: method 36, 39
localizedStringWithFormat: method 9, 12
lowercaseLetterCharacterSet method 35
M
myString: method 33
N
NSCharacterSet class 33
NSLayoutManager class 44
NSMutableCharacterSet class 33
NSMutableString class 7, 8
NSScanner class 23, 36–38
NSString class
creating string objects from 8
described 7
methods for representing file-system paths 40
scanners and 36
NSView class 44
P
parent directories
resolving references to 40
paths and strings 42
primitive methods
of NSString 7
printf function
NSString and 13
R
rangeOfCharacterFromSet: method 22, 33
rangeOfCharacterFromSet:options: method 22
rangeOfCharacterFromSet:options:range:
method 22
rangeOfComposedCharacterSequenceAtIndex:
method 23
rangeOfString: method 22
rangeOfString:options: method 22
rangeOfString:options:range: method 22
S
scan... methods 36
scanners 36, 38
instantiating 36
operation of 36
sample code 38
scannerWithString: method 36
scanUpToString:intoString: method 37
search methods
for strings 22
setCaseSensitive: method 36
setCharactersToBeSkipped: method 37
setLocale: method 39
setScanLocation: method 37
Shift-JIS character encoding 8
standard character sets 33, 35
string objects
combining and extracting 10
comparison methods 22
creating and converting 8–12
described 7
drawing 44
searching and comparing 22–23
stringByAppendingFormat: method 10, 12
stringByAppendingString: method 10, 12
stringWithCharacters:length: method 12
stringWithContentsOfFile: method 21
stringWithFormat: method 10
stringWithUTF8String: method 12
substringFromIndex: method 11
substringToIndex: method 11
Index
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
48substringWithRange: method 11
U
Unicode
characters in string objects 8
code points used to define character sets 34
in string objects 7
NSCharacterSet and 33
standard character sets 35
string comparison standard 22
UTF8 character encoding 11
UTF8String method 11, 12
V
value formatting
string conversion and 13
W
writeToFile:atomically: method 21
Index
2012-07-17 | © 1997, 2012 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
49Apple Inc.
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All rights reserved.
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provided that the documentation contains
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No licenses, express or implied, are granted with
respect to any of the technology described in this
document. Apple retains all intellectual property
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in this document. This document is intended to
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Apple AirPort Networks2
1 Contents
Chapter 1 3 Getting Started
5 Configuring an Apple Wireless Device for Internet Access Using AirPort Utility
6 Extending the Range of Your AirPort Network
6 Sharing a USB Hard Disk Connected to an AirPort Extreme Base Station or Time Capsule
6 Printing with an Apple Wireless Device
6 Sharing Your Computer’s Internet Connection
Chapter 2 9 AirPort Security
9 Security for AirPort Networks at Home
10 Security for AirPort Networks in Businesses and Classrooms
11 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2
Chapter 3 14 AirPort Network Designs
15 Using AirPort Utility
17 Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
24 Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
41 Setting Advanced Options
43 Extending the Range of an 802.11n Network
45 Keeping Your Network Secure
49 Directing Network Traffic to a Specific Computer on Your Network (Port Mapping)
51 Logging
52 Using Back to My Mac on your Wireless Network
53 Setting up IPv6
54 Sharing and Securing USB Hard Disks on Your Network
55 Using a Time Capsule in Your Network
55 Connecting a USB Printer to an Apple Wireless Device
56 Adding a Wireless Client to Your 802.11n Network
57 Solving Problems
Chapter 4 59 Behind the Scenes
59 Basic Networking
63 Items That Can Cause Interference with AirPort
Glossary 641
3
1 Getting Started
AirPort offers the easiest way to provide wireless Internet
access and networking anywhere in the home, classroom,
or office.
AirPort is based on the latest Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
802.11n draft specification and provides fast and reliable wireless networking in the
home, classroom, or small office. You can enjoy data transfer rates of up to five times
faster than data rates provided by the 802.11g standard and more than twice the
network range.
The new AirPort Extreme Base Station and the new Time Capsule are based on
simultaneous dual-band technology, so they work in both the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz)
or 5 GHz spectrum at the same time. And they are 100 percent backward-compatible,
so Mac computers and PCs that use 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, or IEEE draft specification
802.11n wireless cards can connect to an AirPort wireless network. They also work
flawlessly with the AirPort Express for wireless music streaming and more. The
AirPort Extreme Base Station and Time Capsule have three additional 10/100/1000BaseT Gigabit Ethernet ports, so you don’t need to include another router in your network.
To set up an AirPort Extreme Base Station, an AirPort Express, or a Time Capsule, you
use AirPort Utility, the easy-to-use setup and management application. AirPort Utility
has a simple user experience, with all software controls accessible from the same
application. It provides better management of several Apple wireless devices, with
client-monitoring features and logging.
If you’re using AirPort Utility version 5.4 or later, you can set up a guest network, in
both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, so that guests can connect to the Internet using
your AirPort network, while you keep your private network secure. You can also choose
to set up guest accounts that expire, to grant temporary access to your network; you
no longer need to give your network password to visitors in your home or office.
You can even set up accounts with time constraints for the best in parental controls.
AirPort Utility supports IPv6 and Bonjour, so you can “advertise” network services such
as printing and sharing a hard disk over the Wide Area Network (WAN) port.4 Chapter 1 Getting Started
Note: When the features discussed in this document apply to the AirPort Extreme Base
Station, AirPort Express, and Time Capsule, the devices are referred to collectively as
Apple wireless devices.
With an AirPort Extreme Base Station or a Time Capsule, you can connect a USB hard
disk so that everyone on the network can back up, store, and share files. Every
Time Capsule includes an internal AirPort disk, so you don’t need to connect an
external one. If you want, you can connect additional USB disks to the USB port on
your Time Capsule. You can also connect a USB printer to the USB port on any
Apple wireless device, so that everyone on the network can access the printer or hub.
All Apple wireless devices provide strong, wireless security. They offer a built-in firewall
and support industry-standard encryption technologies. Yet the simple setup utility
and powerful access controls make it easy for authorized users to connect to the
AirPort network they create.
You can use an Apple wireless device to provide wireless Internet access and share a
single Internet connection among several computers in the following ways:
 Set up the device to act as a router and provide Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to
computers on the network using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and
Network Address Translation (NAT). When the wireless device is connected to a DSL
or cable modem that is connected to the Internet, it receives webpages and email
content from the Internet through its Internet connection, and then sends the
content to wireless-enabled computers, using the wireless network or using Ethernet
if there are computers connected to the Ethernet ports.
 Set up the Apple wireless device to act as a bridge on an existing network that
already has Internet access and a router providing IP addresses. The device passes
IP addresses and the Internet connection to AirPort or wireless-enabled computers,
or computers connected to the wireless device by Ethernet.
This document provides information about the latest AirPort Extreme Base Station,
AirPort Express, and Time Capsule, and detailed information about designing 802.11n
networks with AirPort Utility for computers using Mac OS X v10.5 or later, and
Windows Vista or Windows XP with Service Pack 2. If you’re using previous versions of
Mac OS X, or are setting up earlier versions of AirPort devices, you’ll find more
information at www.apple.com/support/airport.Chapter 1 Getting Started 5
You can set up an Apple wireless device and connect to the Internet wirelessly in
minutes. But because Apple wireless devices are flexible and powerful networking
products, you can also create an AirPort network that does much more. If you want to
design an AirPort network that provides Internet access to non-AirPort computers via
Ethernet, or take advantage of some of your wireless device’s more advanced features,
use this document to design and implement your network. You can find more general
wireless networking information and an overview of AirPort technology in the earlier
AirPort documents, located at www.apple.com/support/manuals/airport.
Note: The images of AirPort Utility in this document are from Mac OS X v10.5. If you’re
using a Windows computer, the images you see in this document may be slightly
different from what you see on your screen.
Configuring an Apple Wireless Device for Internet Access
Using AirPort Utility
Like your computer, Apple wireless devices must be set up with the appropriate
hardware and IP networking information to connect to the Internet. Install
AirPort Utility, which came on the CD with your wireless device, and use it to provide
Internet configuration information and other network settings.
AirPort Utility combines the ease of use of AirPort Setup Assistant and the power of
AirPort Admin Utility. It is installed in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on
a Macintosh computer using Mac OS X, and in Start > All Programs > AirPort on
computers using Windows. AirPort Utility walks you through the setup process by
asking a series of questions to determine how the device’s Internet connection and
other interfaces should be set up. Enter the settings you received from your ISP or
network administrator for Ethernet, PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE), or your local area
network (LAN); give your AirPort network a name and password; set up a device as
a wireless bridge to extend the range of your existing AirPort network; and set other
options.
When you’ve finished entering the settings, AirPort Utility transfers the settings to your
wireless device. Then it connects to the Internet and shares its Internet connection with
computers that join its AirPort network.
You can also create an AirPort network that takes advantage of the more advanced
networking features of Apple wireless devices. To set more advanced AirPort options,
use AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device’s configuration, or make
quick adjustments to one you’ve already set up. Some of the AirPort advanced
networking features can be configured only using the manual setup features in
AirPort Utility. 6 Chapter 1 Getting Started
Set up your Apple wireless device manually using AirPort Utility when:
 You want to provide Internet access to computers that connect to the wireless device
using Ethernet
 you’ve already set up your device, but you need to change one setting, such as your
account information
 You need to configure advanced settings such as channel frequency, advanced
security options, closed networks, DHCP lease time, access control, WAN privacy,
power controls, or port mapping or other options
For instructions on using AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device and
network, see “Using AirPort Utility” on page 15.
Extending the Range of Your AirPort Network
You can extend the range of your network by using AirPort Utility to set up wireless
connections among several devices in your network, or to connect a device using
Ethernet to create a roaming network. For more information on extending the range of
your network, see “Connecting Additional Wireless Devices to Your AirPort Network” on
page 41.
Sharing a USB Hard Disk Connected to an AirPort Extreme
Base Station or Time Capsule
If you’re using an AirPort Extreme Base Station or a Time Capsule, you can connect a
USB hard disk to it, and computers connected to the network—wired or wireless, Mac
or Windows—can share files using the hard disk. Every Time Capsule includes an
internal AirPort disk, so you don’t need to connect an external one. If you want, you can
connect additional USB disks to the USB port on your Time Capsule. See “Sharing and
Securing USB Hard Disks on Your Network” on page 54.
Printing with an Apple Wireless Device
If you have a compatible USB printer connected to your Apple wireless device,
computers on the AirPort network can use Bonjour (Apple’s zero-configuration
networking technology) to print to the printer. For instructions about printing to a
USB printer from a computer, see “Connecting a USB Printer to an Apple Wireless
Device” on page 55.
Sharing Your Computer’s Internet Connection
If your computer is connected to the Internet, you can share your Internet connection
with other computers using Mac OS X version 10.2 or later, or Windows XP with Service
Pack 2. This is sometimes called using your computer as a software base station.Chapter 1 Getting Started 7
You can share your Internet connection as long as your computer is connected to the
Internet. If your computer goes to sleep or is restarted, or if you lose your Internet
connection, you need to restart Internet sharing.
To start Internet sharing on a computer using Mac OS X v10.5 or later:
1 Open System Preferences and click Sharing.
2 Choose the port you want to use to share your Internet connection from the “Share
your connection using” pop-up menu.
3 Select the port you want to use to share your Internet connection in the “To computers
using” list. You can choose to share your Internet connection with AirPort-enabled
computers or computers with built-in Ethernet, for example.
4 Select Internet Sharing in the Services list.
5 If you want to share your Internet connection with computers using AirPort, click
AirPort Options to give your network a name and password. 8 Chapter 1 Getting Started
To start Internet sharing on a computer using Windows:
1 Open Control Panel from the Start menu, and then click “Network and Internet.”
2 Click “Network and Sharing Center.”
3 Click “Manage network connections” in the Tasks list.
4 Right-click the network connection you want to share, and then select Properties.
5 Click Sharing and then select “Allow other network users to connect through this
computer’s Internet connection.”
Note: If your Internet connection and your local network use the same port (built-in
Ethernet, for example), contact your ISP before you turn on Internet sharing. In some
cases (if you use a cable modem, for example) you might unintentionally affect the
network settings of other ISP customers, and your ISP might terminate your service to
prevent you from disrupting its network.
The following chapters explain AirPort security options, AirPort network design and
setup, and other advanced options.2
9
2 AirPort Security
This chapter provides an overview of the security features
available in AirPort.
Apple has designed its wireless devices to provide several levels of security, so
you can enjoy peace of mind when you access the Internet, manage online financial
transactions, or send and receive email. The AirPort Extreme Base Station and
Time Capsule also include a slot for inserting a lock to deter theft.
For information and instructions for setting up these security features, see “Setting Up
the AirPort Extreme Network” on page 17.
Security for AirPort Networks at Home
Apple gives you ways to protect your wireless AirPort network as well as the data that
travels over it.
NAT Firewall
You can isolate your wireless network with firewall protection. Apple wireless devices
have a built-in Network Address Translation (NAT) firewall that creates a barrier
between your network and the Internet, protecting data from Internet-based IP attacks.
The firewall is automatically turned on when you set up the device to share a single
Internet connection. For computers with a cable or DSL modem, AirPort can actually be
safer than a wired connection.
Closed Network
Creating a closed network keeps the network name and the very existence of your
network private. Prospective users of your network must know the network name
and password to access it. Use AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the
Applications folder on a Macintosh computer using Mac OS X, or in Start > All
Programs > AirPort on a computer using Windows, to create a closed network.10 Chapter 2 AirPort Security
Password Protection and Encryption
AirPort uses password protection and encryption to deliver a level of security
comparable to that of traditional wired networks. Users can be required to enter a
password to log in to the AirPort network. When transmitting data and passwords,
the wireless device uses up to 128-bit encryption, through either Wi-Fi Protected Access
(WPA), WPA2, or Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), to scramble data and help keep
it safe. If you’re setting up an 802.11n-based AirPort device, you can also use WEP
(Transitional Security Network) if both WEP-compatible and WPA/WPA2-compatible
computers will join your network.
Note: WPA security is available only to AirPort Extreme wireless devices; AirPort and
AirPort Extreme clients using Mac OS X 10.3 or later and AirPort 3.3 or later; and to
non-Apple clients using other 802.11 wireless adapters that support WPA. WPA2
security requires firmware version 5.6 or later for an AirPort Extreme Base Station,
firmware version 6.2 or later for an AirPort Express, firmware version 7.3 or later for a
Time Capsule, and a Macintosh computer with an AirPort Extreme wireless card using
AirPort 4.2 or later. If your computer uses Windows XP or Windows Vista, check the
documentation that came with your computer to see if your computer supports WPA2.
Security for AirPort Networks in Businesses and Classrooms
Businesses and schools need to restrict network communications to authorized users
and keep data safe from prying eyes. To meet this need, Apple wireless devices and
software provide a robust suite of security mechanisms. Use AirPort Utility to set up
these advanced security features.
Transmitter Power Control
Because radio waves travel in all directions, they can extend outside the confines of a
specific building. The Transmit Power setting in AirPort Utility lets you adjust the
transmission range of your device’s network. Only users within the network vicinity
have access to the network.
MAC Address Access Control
Every AirPort and wireless card have a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address.
For AirPort Cards and AirPort Extreme Cards, the MAC address is sometimes referred to
as the AirPort ID. Support for MAC address access control lets administrators set up a
list of MAC addresses and restrict access to the network to only those users whose MAC
addresses are in the access control list.Chapter 2 AirPort Security 11
RADIUS Support
The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) makes securing a large
network easy. RADIUS is an access control protocol that allows a system administrator
to create a central list of the user names and passwords of computers that can access
the network. Placing this list on a centralized server allows many wireless devices to
access the list and makes it easy to update. If the MAC address of a user’s computer
(which is unique to each 802.11 wireless card) is not on your approved MAC address list,
the user cannot join your network.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2
There has been increasing concern about the vulnerabilities of WEP. In response, the
Wi-Fi Alliance, in conjunction with the IEEE, has developed enhanced, interoperable
security standards called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2.
WPA and WPA2 use specifications that bring together standards-based, interoperable
security mechanisms that significantly increase the level of data protection and access
control for wireless LANs. WPA and WPA2 provide wireless LAN users with a high-level
assurance that their data remains protected and that only authorized network users
can access the network. A wireless network that uses WPA or WPA2 requires all
computers that access the wireless network to have WPA or WPA2 support. WPA
provides a high level of data protection and (when used in Enterprise mode) requires
user authentication.
The main standards-based technologies that constitute WPA include Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol (TKIP), 802.1X, Message Integrity Check (MIC), and Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP).
TKIP provides enhanced data encryption by addressing the WEP encryption
vulnerabilities, including the frequency with which keys are used to encrypt the
wireless connection. 802.1X and EAP provide the ability to authenticate a user on
the wireless network.
802.1X is a port-based network access control method for wired as well as wireless
networks. The IEEE adopted 802.1X as a standard in August 2001.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing
data packets, altering them, and resending them. The MIC provides a strong
mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and
then compare the MIC. If they do not match, the data is assumed to have been
tampered with and the packet is dropped. If multiple MIC failures occur, the network
may initiate countermeasures.12 Chapter 2 AirPort Security
The EAP protocol known as TLS (Transport Layer Security) presents a user’s information
in the form of digital certificates. A user’s digital certificates can comprise user names
and passwords, smart cards, secure IDs, or any other identity credentials that the IT
administrator is comfortable using. WPA uses a wide variety of standards-based EAP
implementations, including EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), EAP-Tunnel
Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS), and Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
(PEAP). AirPort Extreme also supports the Lightweight Extensible Authentication
Protocol (LEAP), a security protocol used by Cisco access points to dynamically assign a
different WEP key to each user. AirPort Extreme is compatible with Cisco’s LEAP security
protocol, enabling AirPort users to join Cisco-hosted wireless networks using LEAP.
In addition to TKIP, WPA2 supports the AES-CCMP encryption protocol. Based on the
very secure AES national standard cipher, combined with sophisticated cryptographic
techniques, AES-CCMP was specifically designed for wireless networks. Migrating from
WEP to WPA2 requires new firmware for the AirPort Extreme Base Station (version 5.6 or
later), and for AirPort Express (version 6.2 or later). Devices using WPA2 mode are not
backward compatible with WEP.
WPA and WPA2 have two modes:
 Personal mode, which relies on the capabilities of TKIP or AES-CCMP without
requiring an authentication server
 Enterprise mode, which uses a separate server, such as a RADIUS server, for user
authentication
WPA and WPA2 Personal
 For home or Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks, WPA and WPA2 operates in
Personal mode, taking into account that the typical household or small office does
not have an authentication server. Instead of authenticating with a RADIUS server,
users manually enter a password to log in to the wireless network. When a user
enters the password correctly, the wireless device starts the encryption process using
TKIP or AES-CCMP. TKIP or AES-CCMP takes the original password and derives
encryption keys mathematically from the network password. The encryption key is
regularly changed and rotated so that the same encryption key is never used twice.
Other than entering the network password, the user isn’t required to do anything to
make WPA or WPA2 Personal work in the home.Chapter 2 AirPort Security 13
WPA and WPA2 Enterprise
WPA is a subset of the draft IEEE 802.11i standard and effectively addresses the wireless
local area network (WLAN) security requirements for the enterprise. WPA2 is a full
implementation of the ratified IEEE 802.11i standard. In an enterprise with IT resources,
WPA should be used in conjunction with an authentication server such as RADIUS to
provide centralized access control and management. With this implementation in
place, the need for add-on solutions such as virtual private networks (VPNs) may be
eliminated, at least for securing wireless connections in a network.
For more information about setting up a WPA or WPA2 protected network, see
“Using Wi-Fi Protected Access” on page 45.3
14
3 AirPort Network Designs
This chapter provides overview information and instructions
for the types of AirPort Extreme networks you can set up, and
some of the advanced options of AirPort Extreme.
Use this chapter to design and set up your AirPort Extreme network.
Configuring your Apple wireless device to implement a network design requires
three steps:
Step 1: Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
Computers communicate with the wireless device over the AirPort wireless network.
When you set up the AirPort network created by the wireless device, you can name the
wireless network, assign a password that will be needed to join the wireless network,
and set other options.
Step 2: Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
When computers access the Internet through the AirPort Extreme network, the wireless
device connects to the Internet and transmits information to the computers over the
AirPort Extreme network. You provide the wireless device with settings appropriate for
your ISP and configure how the device shares this connection with other computers.
Step 3: Setting Advanced Options
These settings are optional for most users. They include using the Apple wireless device
as a bridge between your AirPort Extreme network and an Ethernet network, setting
advanced security options, extending the AirPort network to other wireless devices,
and fine-tuning other settings.
For specific instructions on all these steps, refer to the sections later in this chapter.
You can do most of your setup and configuration tasks using AirPort Utility, and
following the onscreen instructions to enter your ISP and network information. To set
advanced options, you need to use AirPort Utility to manually set up your Apple
wireless device and AirPort network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 15
Using AirPort Utility
To set up and configure your computer or Apple wireless device to use AirPort Extreme
for basic wireless networking and Internet access, use AirPort Utility and answer
a series of questions about your Internet settings and how you would like to set up
your network.
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Select your device in the list on the left if there is more than one device in your
network. Click Continue, and then follow the onscreen instructions to enter the settings
from your ISP or network administrator for the type of network you want to set up. See
the network diagrams later in this chapter for the types of networks you can set up
using AirPort Utility.
To set up a more complicated network, or to make adjustments to a network you’ve
already set up, use the manual setup features in AirPort Utility.
Setting AirPort preferences
Use AirPort preferences to set up your wireless device to alert you when there are
updates available for your device. You can also set it up to notify you if there are
problems detected, and to provide instructions to help solve the problems.
To set AirPort preferences:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder inside the Applications folder on
a Mac, and in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Do one of the following:
 On a Mac, choose AirPort Utility > Preferences
 On a Windows computer, choose File > Preferences16 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Select from the following checkboxes:
 Select “Check for Updates when opening AirPort Utility” to automatically check the
Apple website for software and firmware updates each time you open AirPort Utility.
 Select the “Check for updates” checkbox, and then choose a time interval from the
pop-up menu, such as weekly, to check for software and firmware updates in the
background. AirPort Utility opens if updates are available.
 Select “Monitor Apple wireless devices for problems” to investigate problems that
may cause the device’s status light to blink amber. With the checkbox selected,
AirPort Utility opens if a problem is detected, and then provides instructions to help
resolve the problem. This option monitors all of the wireless devices on the network.
 Select “Only Apple wireless devices that I have configured” to monitor only the
devices you’ve set up using this computer.
Monitoring devices for problems requires an AirPort wireless device that supports
firmware version 7.0 or later.
To set up your wireless device manually:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac, or
in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Select your device in the list.
3 Choose Base Station > Manual Setup and enter the password if necessary. The default
device password is public.
If you don’t see your wireless device in the list:
1 Open the AirPort status menu in the menu bar on a Mac and make sure that you’ve
joined the AirPort network created by your wireless device. On a Windows computer,
hover the cursor over the wireless network icon in the status tray to make sure the
computer is connected to the correct network.
The default network name for an Apple wireless device is AirPort Network XXXXXX,
where XXXXXX is replaced with the last six digits of the AirPort ID, (or MAC address).
The AirPort ID is printed on the bottom of Apple wireless devices.
2 Make sure your computer’s network and TCP/IP settings are configured properly.
On a computer using Mac OS X, choose AirPort from the Show pop-up menu in the
Network pane of System Preferences. Then choose Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4
pop-up menu in the TCP/IP pane.
On a computer using Windows, right-click the wireless connection icon that displays
the AirPort network, and choose Status. Click Properties, select Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), and then click Properties. Make sure “Obtain an IP address automatically” is
selected.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 17
If you can’t open the wireless device settings:
1 Make sure your network and TCP/IP settings are configured properly.
On a computer using Mac OS X, select AirPort from the network connection services list
in the Network pane of System Preferences. Click Advanced, and then choose Using
DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu in the TCP/IP pane.
On a computer using Windows, right-click the wireless connection icon that displays
the AirPort network, and choose Status. Click Properties, select Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP), and then click Properties. Make sure “Obtain an IP address automatically”
is selected.
2 Make sure you entered the wireless device password correctly. The default password
is public. If you’ve forgotten the device password, you can reset it to public by resetting
the device.
To temporarily reset the device password to public, hold down the reset button for one
second. To reset the device back to its default settings, hold the reset button for five full
seconds.
If you’re on an Ethernet network that has other devices, or you’re using Ethernet to
connect to the device:
AirPort Utility scans the Ethernet network to create the list of devices. As a result, when
you open AirPort Utility, you may see devices that you cannot configure.
Setting Up the AirPort Extreme Network
The first step in configuring your Apple wireless device is setting up the device and the
network it will create. You can set up most features using AirPort Utility and following
the onscreen instructions to enter the information from your ISP or network
administrator.
To configure a network manually or set advanced options, open your wireless device’s
configuration in AirPort Utility and manually set up your device and network.
1 Choose the network of the wireless device you want to configure from the AirPort
status menu on a computer using Mac OS X, or from the wireless connection icon in
the status tray on a computer using Windows.
2 Open AirPort Utility and select the wireless device from the list. If you don’t see the
device you want to configure, click Rescan to scan for available wireless devices, and
then select the one you want from the list. 18 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
3 Choose Base Station > Manual Setup and enter the password if necessary. The default
device password is public.
You can also double-click the name of the wireless device to open its configuration in
a separate window. When you open the manual setup window, the Summary pane is
displayed. The summary pane provides information and status about your wireless
device and network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 19
If the wireless device reports a problem, the status icon turns yellow. Click Base Station
Status to display the problem and suggestions to resolve it.
Wireless Device Settings
Click the AirPort button, and then click Base Station or Time Capsule, depending on the
device you’re setting up, to enter information about the wireless device.
Give the Device a Name
Give the device an easily identifiable name. This makes it easy for administrators
to locate a specific device on an Ethernet network with several devices.
Change the Device Password
The device password protects its configuration so that only the administrator can
modify it. The default password is public. It is a good idea to change the device
password to prevent unauthorized changes to it.
If the password is not changed from public, you’ll not be prompted for a password
when you select it from the list and click Configure.
Other Information
 Allow configuration over the WAN port. This allows you to administer the wireless
device remotely.
 Advertise the wireless device over the Internet using Bonjour. If you have an account
with a dynamic DNS service, you can connect to it over the Internet.
 Set the device time automatically. If you have access to a Network Time Protocol
server, whether on your network or on the Internet, choose it from the pop-up menu.
This ensures your wireless device is set to the correct time.20 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Set Device Options
Click Base Station Options and set the following:
 Enter a contact name and location for the wireless device. The name and location are
included in some logs the device generates. The contact and location fields may be
helpful if you’ve more than one wireless device on your network.
 Set status light behavior to either Always On or Flash On Activity. If you choose Flash
On Activity, the device status light blinks when there is network traffic.
 If your wireless device supports it, select “Check for firmware updates” and choose an
increment, such as Daily from the pop-up menu.
Wireless Network Settings
Click Wireless, and enter the network name, radio mode, and other wireless
information.
Setting the Wireless Mode
AirPort Extreme supports two wireless modes:
 Create a wireless network. Choose this option if you’re creating a new
AirPort Extreme network.
 Extend a wireless network. Choose this option if you plan to connect another Apple
wireless device to the network you’re setting up.
Naming the AirPort Extreme Network
Give your AirPort network a name. This name appears in the AirPort status menu on the
AirPort-enabled computers that are in range of your AirPort network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 21
Choosing the Radio Mode
Choose 802.11a/n - 802.11b/g from the Radio Mode pop-up menu if computers with
802.11a, 802.11n, 802.11g, or 802.11b wireless cards will join the network. Each client
computer will connect to the network and transmit network traffic at the highest
possible speed.
Choose 802.11n - 802.11b/g if only computers with 802.11n, 802.11b, or 802.11g
compatible wireless cards will join the network.
Note: If you don’t want to use an 802.11n radio mode, hold down the Option key and
chose a radio mode that doesn’t include 802.11n.
Changing the Channel
The “channel” is the radio frequency over which your wireless device communicates.
If you use only one device (for example, at home), you probably won’t need to change
the channel frequency. If you set up several wireless devices in a school or office,
use different channel frequencies for devices that are within approximately 150 feet of
each other.
Adjacent wireless devices should have at least 4 channels between their channel
frequencies. So if device A is set to channel 1, device B should be set to channel 6 or 11.
For best results, use channels 1, 6, or 11 when operating your device in the 2.4 GHz
range.
Choose Manually from the Radio Channel Selection pop-up menu, and then click Edit
to set the channels manually.
AirPort-enabled computers automatically tune to the channel frequency your wireless
device is using when they join the AirPort network. If you change the channel
frequency, AirPort client computers do not need to make any changes.
Password-protect Your Network
To password-protect your network, you can choose from a number of wireless security
options. In the AirPort pane of AirPort Utility, click Wireless and choose one of the
following options from the Wireless Security pop-up menu:
 None: Choosing this option turns off all password protection for the network. Any
computer with a wireless adapter or card can join the network, unless the network is
set up to use access control. See “Setting Up Access Control” on page 47.
 WEP: If your device supports it, choose this option and enter a password to protect
your network with a Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) password. Your Apple wireless
device supports 40-bit and 128-bit encryption. To use 40-bit WEP, don’t use an
802.11n radio mode.22 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 WPA/WPA2 Personal: Choose this option to protect your network with Wi-Fi
Protected Access. You can use a password between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or a
Pre-Shared Key of exactly 64 hexadecimal characters. Computers that support WPA
and computers that support WPA2 can join the network. Choose WPA2 Personal if
you want only computers that support WPA2 to join your network.
 WPA/WPA2 Enterprise: Choose this option if you’re setting up a network that
includes an authentication server, such as a RADIUS server, with individual user
accounts. Enter the IP address and port number for the primary and optional
secondary server, and enter a “shared secret,” which is the password for the server.
Choose WPA2 Enterprise if you want only computers that support WPA2 to join the
network.
 WEP (Transitional Security Network): If your device supports it, you can use this
option to allow computers using WPA or WPA2 to join the network. Computers or
devices that use WEP can also join the network. WEP (Transitional Security Network)
supports 128-bit encryption. To use this option, the wireless device use an 802.11n
radio mode. Hold the Option key on your keyboard while clicking the Wireless
Security pop-up menu to use WEP (Transitional Security Netowrk).
For more information and instructions for setting up WPA or WPA2 on your network,
see “Using Wi-Fi Protected Access” on page 45.
Setting Wireless Options
Click Wireless Options to set additional options for your network.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 23
Setting Additional Wireless Options
Use the Wireless Options pane to set the following:
 5 GHz network name: Provide a name for the 5 GHz segment of the dual-band
network if you want it to have a different name than the 2.4 GHz network.
 Country: Choose the country for the location of your network from the Country
pop-up menu.
 Multicast rate: Choose a multicast rate from the pop-up menu. If you set the
multicast rate high, only clients on the network that are within range and can
achieve the speed you set will receive transmissions.
 Transmit power: Choose a setting from the Transmit Power pop-up menu to set the
network range (the lower the percentage, the shorter the network range).
 WPA Group Key Timeout: Enter a number in the text field, and choose an increment
from the pop-up menu to change the frequency of key rotation.
 Use Wide Channels: If you set up your network to use the 5 GHz frequency range,
you can use wide channels to provide higher network throughput.
Note: Using wide channels is not permitted in some countries.
 Create a closed network: Selecting a closed network hides the name of the
network so that users must enter the exact network name and password to join
the AirPort Extreme network.
 Use interference robustness: Interference robustness can solve interference
problems caused by other devices or networks.
To set more advanced security options, see “Keeping Your Network Secure” on page 45.24 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Setting up a Guest Network
Click Guest Network and then enter the network name and other options for the guest
network. When you set up a guest network, a portion of your connection to the
Internet is reserved for “guests”, wireless clients that can join the guest network and
connect to the Internet without accessing your private network.
Select “Allow guest network clients to communicate with each other” to allow client
computers to share files and services with each other while they’re connected to the
guest network. Make sure sharing services are set up on the client computers.
Configuring and Sharing Internet Access
The next step is setting up your wireless device’s Internet connection and sharing its
Internet access with client computers. The following sections tell you what to do,
depending on how your device connects to the Internet.
You’re Using a DSL or Cable Modem
In most cases, you can implement this network design using AirPort Utility and
following the onscreen instructions to set up your wireless device and network. You
need to use AirPort Utility to manually set up your device only if you want to set up
or adjust optional advanced settings.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 25
What It Looks Like
How It Works
 The Apple wireless device (in this example, a Time Capsule) connects to the Internet
through its Internet WAN (<) connection to your DSL or cable modem.
 Computers using AirPort or computers connected to the wireless device’s Ethernet
LAN port (G) connect to the Internet through the device.
 The device is set up to use a single, public IP address to connect to the Internet, and
uses DHCP and NAT to share the Internet connection with computers on the network
using private IP addresses.
 AirPort computers and Ethernet computers communicate with one another through
the wireless device.
Important: Connect Ethernet computers that are not connected to the Internet to
the device’s LAN port (G) only. Since the device can provide network services, you
must set it up carefully to avoid interfering with other services on your Ethernet
network.
What You Need for a DSL or Cable Modem Connection
DSL or cable modem
to Internet
to Ethernet port
Time Capsule
< Ethernet WAN port
2.4 or 5 GHz
Components Check Comments
Internet account with DSL or
cable modem service provider
Does your service provider use a
static IP or DHCP configuration?
You can get this information
from your service provider or the
Network preferences pane on
the computer you use to access
the Internet through this service
provider.
Apple wireless device (an AirPort
Extreme Base Station, an AirPort
Express, or a Time Capsule)
Place the device near your DSL
or cable modem.26 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
What to Do
If you’re using AirPort Utility to assist you with configuring the Apple wireless device
for Internet access:
1 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer.
2 Follow the onscreen instructions and enter the settings you received from your service
provider to connect to the Internet, and then set up the device to share the Internet
connection with computers on the network.
If you’re using AirPort Utility to manually set up your wireless device:
1 Make sure that your DSL or cable modem is connected to the Ethernet WAN port (<)
on your Apple wireless device.
2 Open AirPort Utility, located in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder on a Mac,
or in Start > All Programs > AirPort on a Windows computer. Select your wireless device
and choose Base Station > Manual Setup, or double-click your device’s icon in the list to
open the configuration in a separate window.
3 Click the Internet button. Click Internet Connection and choose Ethernet or PPPoE from
the Connect Using pop-up menu, depending on which one your service provider
requires. If your service provider gave you PPPoE connection software, such as EnterNet
or MacPoET, choose PPPoE.
Note: If you’re connecting to the Internet through a router using PPPoE and your Apple
wireless device is connected to the router via Ethernet, you do not need to use PPPoE
on your wireless device. Choose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu in the
Internet pane, and deselect the “Distribute IP addresses” checkbox in the Network
pane. Contact your service provider if you aren’t sure which one to select.
4 Choose Manually or Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu if you chose
Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu, depending on how your service
provider provides IP addresses.
 If your provider gave you an IP address and other numbers with your subscription,
use that information to configure the wireless device IP address manually. If you
aren’t sure, ask your service provider. Enter the IP address information in the fields
below the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 27
 If you chose PPPoE, your ISP provides your IP address automatically using DHCP.
If your service provider asks you for the MAC address of your wireless device, use the
address of the Ethernet WAN port (<), printed on the label on the bottom of the
device.
If you’ve already used AirPort Utility to set up your wireless device, the fields below the
Configure IPv4 pop-up menu may already contain the information appropriate for your
service provider.
You can change the WAN Ethernet speed if you have specific requirements for the
network you’re connected to. In most cases, the settings that are configured
automatically are correct. Your service provider should be able to tell you if you need
to adjust these settings.
Changing the WAN Ethernet speed can affect the way the wireless device interacts with
the Internet. Unless your service provider has given you specific settings, use the
automatic settings. Entering the wrong settings can affect network performance.
Contact your service
provider for the
information you should
enter in these fields.
Use this pop-up menu
if you need to adjust
the speed of the
Ethernet WAN port.28 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
If you configure TCP/IP using DHCP, choose Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4
pop-up menu. Your IP information is provided automatically by your ISP using DHCP.
5 If you chose PPPoE from the Connect Using pop-up menu, enter the PPPoE settings
your service provider gave you. Leave the Service Name field blank unless your service
provider requires a service name.
Note: With AirPort, you don’t need to use a third-party PPPoE connection application.
You can connect to the Internet using AirPort.
Your service provider
may require you to
enter information
in these fields.
Contact your
service provider
for the information
you should enter
in these fields.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 29
If you’re connecting to the Internet through a router that uses PPPoE to connect to the
Internet, and your wireless device is connected to the router via Ethernet, you do not
need to use PPPoE on your device. Choose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up
menu in the Internet pane, and deselect the “Distribute IP addresses” checkbox in the
Network pane. Because your router is distributing IP addresses, your wireless device
doesn’t need to. More than one device on a network providing IP addresses can cause
problems.
6 Click PPPoE to set PPPoE options for your connection.
 Choose Always On, Automatic, or Manual, depending on how you want to control
when your wireless device is connected to the Internet.
If you choose Always On, your device stays connected to your modem and the
Internet as long as the modem is turned on. If you choose Automatic, the wireless
device connects to the modem, which connects to the Internet when you use an
application that requires an Internet connection, such as email or an instant message
or web application. If you choose Manual, you need to connect the modem to the
Internet when you use an application that requires an Internet connection.
If you chose Automatic or Manual from the Connection pop-up menu, you need to
choose an increment, such as “10 minutes,” from the “Disconnect if idle” pop-up
menu. If you don’t use an Internet application after the increment of time has passed,
you’ll be disconnected from the Internet.
Note: If your wireless device is connected to your modem using an Ethernet LAN
port, and your modem is connected to the Internet using PPPoE, you may not be
able to use the manual setting.30 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 Enter Domain Name System (DNS) server addresses and a specific domain name your
wireless device accesses when you connect to the Internet.
7 Click the Network button and configure how the device will share its Internet access
with AirPort and Ethernet computers.
If you chose Ethernet from the Connect Using pop-up menu, choose how your device
will share the Internet connection from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu.
 To share a single Internet connection with AirPort computers and computers
connected to the device with Ethernet using DHCP and NAT, choose “Share a public
IP address” from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu. Using DHCP and NAT lets the
wireless device dynamically and automatically assign IP addresses to client
computers, which simplifies each computer’s TCP/IP configuration. See “Setting
DHCP and NAT Options” on page 31.
By default, the wireless device allows other devices, computers using Ethernet, and
computers using AirPort to communicate with each other using non-IP protocols like
AppleTalk. If you want to connect an AppleTalk Ethernet printer to the Apple wireless
device or use AppleTalk between wired and wireless computers, make sure the
devices are connected to the Ethernet LAN port (G) on the device.
 To distribute a range of IP addresses using only DHCP, choose “Distribute a range of
IP addresses.” See “Setting DHCP Only Options” on page 33.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 31
 If you don’t want your wireless device to share its IP address, choose “Off (Bridge
Mode).” If you set up your device in bridge mode, AirPort computers have access to
all services on the Ethernet network, and the device does not provide Internet
sharing services. See “You’re Using an Existing Ethernet Network” on page 37 for
more information about setting up your wireless device as a bridge.
Using the wireless device as a bridge can be a way to address incompatibilities
between the device’s Internet sharing features and your ISP’s connection method.
Setting DHCP and NAT Options
If you chose “Share a public IP address” from the Connection Sharing pop-up menu,
you can set DHCP and NAT options. Click DHCP.
 Choose a range of IP addresses from the DHCP Range pop-up menu. Choose 10.0,
192.168, or 172.16 and then enter a beginning and ending address in the DHCP
Beginning Address and the DHCP Ending Address fields, depending on which
addresses you want the wireless device to provide.
 Enter a number in the DHCP Lease field, and then choose minutes, hours, or days
from the pop-up menu.
 Type a welcome message in the DHCP Message field. This message is displayed when
a computer joins your network.
 If your network is set up to use a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) server
on your network, you can enter the address of the server in the LDAP Server field,
and computers on your network will have access to it.32 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
 To provide specific IP addresses to specific computers on your wireless network,
click the Add (+) button below the DHCP Reservations list, and follow the onscreen
instructions to name the reservation and reserve the address by MAC address or
DHCP client ID. If you choose MAC address, click Continue and enter the MAC
address and specific IP address.
Next you can set NAT options for the network. Click NAT.
 You can set up a default host on your network. A default host (sometimes known as
a DMZ) is a computer on your network that is exposed to the Internet and receives
all inbound traffic. A default host may be useful if you use a computer on your
AirPort network to play network games, or want to route all Internet traffic through
a single computer.
 You can set up NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP). NAT-PMP is an Internet
Engineering Task Force Internet Draft, an alternative to the more common Universal
Plug and Play (UPnP) protocol implemented in many network address translation
(NAT) routers. NAT-PMP allows a computer in a private network (behind a NAT router)
to automatically configure the router to allow parties outside the private network to
contact this computer.
Included in the protocol is a method for retrieving the public IP address of a NAT
gateway, allowing a client to make this public IP address and port number known to
peers that may wish to communicate with it. This protocol is implemented in current
Apple products, including Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and later, AirPort Extreme, AirPort
Express, and Time Capsule networking products, and Bonjour for Windows.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 33
You can also set up port mapping. To ensure that requests are properly routed to your
web, AppleShare, or FTP server, or a specific computer on your network, you need to
establish a permanent IP address for the server or computer, and provide “inbound port
mapping” information to the Apple wireless device. See “Directing Network Traffic to a
Specific Computer on Your Network (Port Mapping)” on page 49.
Setting DHCP Only Options
If you chose “Distribute a range of IP addresses” from the Connection Sharing pop-up
menu, your wireless device is set up to use DHCP to distribute a range of IP addresses
using only DHCP. You cannot use NAT if you chose this option. Click DHCP and enter
the beginning and ending addresses you want to distribute to computers joining your
wireless network.
You can set the additional DHCP options, such as DHCP Lease, DHCP Message, and
other options following the instructions above.
Setting Up Client Computers
To configure TCP/IP on client computers using Mac OS X v10.5:
1 Open System Preferences on the client computer and then click Network.
2 Do one of the following:
a If the client computer is using AirPort, select AirPort in the network connection
services list, and then click Advanced.34 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
Next, choose DHCP from the Configure IPv4 pop-up menu.
b If you enabled a DHCP server when you set up the wireless device’s network, and the
client computer is using Ethernet, select Ethernet in the network connection services
list, and then choose Using DHCP from the Configure pop-up menu.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 35
c If you selected “Distribute a range of IP addresses” when you set up the wireless
device’s network, you can provide Internet access to client computers using
Ethernet by setting the client IP addresses manually. Select Ethernet in the
network connection services list, and then choose Manually from the Configure
pop-up menu.
When you configure Ethernet clients manually for a wireless device that provides
NAT over Ethernet, you can use IP addresses in the range 10.0.1.2 to 10.0.1.200.
In the Subnet Mask field, enter 255.255.255.0. In the Router field, enter 10.0.1.1.
Enter the same name server address and search domain information that you
entered in the wireless device configuration.
To configure TCP/IP on client computers using Windows
Make sure you’ve installed the wireless adapter in your computer and the software
necessary to set up the adapter.
To configure TCP/IP on client computers:
1 Open Control Panel from the Start menu, and then click “Network and Internet.”
2 Click “Network and Sharing Center.”
3 Click “Manage network connections” in the Tasks list.
4 Right-click the wireless connection you want to share, and then select Properties.
Enter the IP and router
addresses from the range
your device is providing.
Enter the DNS and Search
Domain addresses if
necessary.36 Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs
5 Click Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4), and then click Properties.
 If you chose “Share a public IP address” in the Network pane of AirPort Utility, select
“Obtain an IP address automatically.”
 If you chose “Distribute a range of IP addresses” when you set up the wireless device’s
network, you can provide Internet access to client computers by setting the client IP
addresses manually. Select “Use the following IP address.”
When you configure clients manually for a wireless device that provides NAT service,
use IP addresses in the range 10.0.1.2 to 10.0.1.200, 172.16.1.2 to 172.16.1.200, or
192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.200.
In the “Subnet mask” field, enter 255.255.255.0. In the “Default gateway” field, enter
10.0.1.1, 172.16.1.1, or 192.168.1.1, depending on which addressing scheme you used. Enter
the same name server address and search domain information that you entered in the
wireless device configuration.Chapter 3 AirPort Network Designs 37
You’re Using an Existing Ethernet Network
You can use AirPort Utility to easily set up the Apple wireless device for Internet access
through an existing Ethernet network that already has a router, switch, or other
network device providing IP addresses. Use the manual setup features of AirPort Utility
if you need to adjust optional advanced settings.
What It Looks Like
How It Works
 The Apple wireless device (in this example, a Time Capsule) uses your Ethernet
network to communicate with the Internet through the Ethernet WAN port (<).
 AirPort and Ethernet clients access the Internet and the Ethernet network through
the Apple wireless device.
What You Need for an Ethernet Connection
Router
to Internet
to Ethernet port
Time Capsule